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Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders (Main Menu)

Below are links to the MANY articles on this website about SUBSTANCE-RELATED AND ADDICTIVE DISORDERS. , which is the title of the relevant chapter in the DSM-5-TR®.

All the other MAIN MENUS on this website can be found by clicking HERE, or on *MENUS* at the top of any page on this website.

To use this Menu, please click on the category (or the arrow to the left of its name) to EXPAND the category and see what is included in it.

When you are done, click the category (or the arrow to its left) to COLLAPSE it.


Urine drug screen

Urine Drug Screening—General Articles

Which urine drug screen (UDS) should we specifically order?

Which urine drug screen do most workplaces require?

For how long are substances detected in a urine drug screen (UDS)?

“Fingerprint” metabolites that uniquely identify substances in a urine drug screen

How to check for possible tampering of urine samples for drug testing

Urine Drug Screening—False Positives

False-positive urine drug screen: Principles and a table for reference

Urine Drug Screening—False Negatives

Which opioids will not show up in the urine drug screen?

Can you figure out this “puzzling” case of oxycodone overdose with a negative UDS?

Standard urine drug screens can be false-negative for some benzodiazepines

Will zolpidem be detected on a standard urine drug screen? 

Urine Drug Screening—Fentanyl

Special tests are needed to identify fentanyl in the urine

Use and recommend an FDA-cleared over-the-counter fentanyl urine test

Why and how to use fentanyl test strips


Alcohol

Alcohol use—Basic facts

Three key statistics about alcohol use: Bad, worse, and worst news

What is a “standard” drink?

How much alcohol intake is “normal”?

Alcohol, not marijuana, is the real gateway drug

Alcohol use—Screening

How to screen for alcohol use disorder

AUDIT-C: A practical guide

Let’s stop using the CAGE questionnaire

Real-life examples: How to identify recent alcohol use in urine and blood tests

Why, who, and how to monitor for increased alcohol use after bariatric surgery

Alcohol use—Laboratory tests

How to use laboratory testing for alcohol use

Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) testing to identify recent alcohol use

How do PEth and CDT tests compare for identifying recent alcohol use?

Abstinence from alcohol can be monitored by a urine screening test

Tips about hepatic function tests

Real-life examples: How to identify recent alcohol use in urine and blood tests

Can thrombocytopenia be due to alcohol use?

Why and how to calculate the FIB-4 score in asymptomatic alcohol-associated liver disease

Alcohol withdrawal

Understanding the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for alcohol withdrawal 

Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol, revised (CIWA-Ar)

Which benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS)?

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: Benzodiazepine regimens

How exactly to prescribe thiamine for the prevention of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Non-Alcoholic or Alcohol-Free Beer

What are “non-alcoholic,” “alcohol-free,” “low alcohol,” and “reduced alcohol” beverages? 

Non-alcoholic or alcohol-free beer in patients with past alcohol use disorder?

Is non-alcoholic beer safe in patients on monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors?

Will non-alcoholic beer show up in breath or urine tests?

Where to find/ buy non-alcoholic or alcohol-free beer

Great options for “alcohol-removed” red, white, rosé, or sparkling wines

Alcohol use disorder—Treatment

APA Practice Guideline for the Pharmacological Treatment of Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder

How exactly to prescribe thiamine for the prevention of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Tips on using naltrexone for alcohol use disorder

How high can we go with naltrexone for alcohol use disorder?

Tips on using naltrexone extended-release injectable (Vivitrol®)

How to order, store, and administer naltrexone extended-release injection (Vivitrol®)

Find a Vivitrol® prescriber

Could extended-release naltrexone injection work for alcohol use disorder even if oral naltrexone did not?

Naltrexone (Revia®, Vivitrol®): Basic information

Tips on using acamprosate (Campral®) for alcohol use disorder

Disulfiram: A shortcut to sobriety?

How to use disulfiram to help with alcoholism

Should we consider gabapentin for alcohol use disorder?

Tips on treating alcohol use disorder in persons with a bipolar disorder

Should we tell people with alcoholism to avoid drinking kombucha?

Tips on how to avoid alcohol in social settings

What to tell patients with alcohol use disorder about taking acetaminophen (paracetamol)


Caffeine

Caffeine and mental health

How much caffeine is too much?

Key things clinicians should know about caffeine withdrawal 

Minimizing caffeine may be helpful in bipolar disorder

Caffeine can significantly change serum clozapine levels

Interactions that can significantly affect caffeine metabolism

Should those with migraine not consume caffeine?

Caffeine content of coffee and tea

Should we recommend decaffeinated coffee?

Caffeine content of soft drinks 

Caffeine content of “energy” drinks

Drug interactions with caffeine

Caffeine can significantly change serum clozapine levels

Let’s wake up to how much caffeine our patients are taking


Cannabis

Cannabis—General articles

Cannabis (“Marijuana”): Terminology

Acute effects of cannabis that we should warn patients about

Why and how to routinely ask and counsel patients about driving after cannabis use

“Blunts”: Why they are a particularly worrisome way of smoking cannabis

What are cannabis joints and spliffs or mulled cigarettes?

Why using cannabis concentrates in vapes or by “dabbing” is dangerous

Cannabis or cannabinoids for PTSD?

Cannabis or cannabinoids for dementia?

Only the minimum about cannabigerol (CBG) 

Why we must learn about delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8-THC)

Cannabis Use During Pregnancy and Lactation: Key Facts and Recommendations

How reliable is the labeled THC content at cannabis dispensaries?

Cannabis—Drug interactions

Which psychotropic medications does cannabis affect?

Cannabidiol (CBD): Drug interactions

Pharmacokinetics of cannabis or cannabinoids

Cannabidiol (CBD)

What is cannabidiol (CBD)?

What is the dose of cannabidiol (CBD) for anxiety disorders?

Cannabidiol (CBD): Clinical experience

Cannabidiol for schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders? An overview

What did randomized, double-blind clinical trials of cannabidiol in schizophrenia find?

What side effects can cannabidiol (CBD) cause in our patients?

Cannabidiol (CBD): Drug interactions

Cannabigerol (CBG)

Only the minimum about cannabigerol (CBG)

Cannabis use disorder

Which medications work for cannabis use disorder?

Tips for managing the abuse potential of medications for ADHD

Does lisdexamfetamine really have lower abuse potential?

Key facts about ADHD and cannabis use (and their practical implications)

How should ADHD be treated when cannabis use is also present?

Stimulants for ADHD with a history of a substance use disorder?

Should stimulant medications be avoided in ADHD patients who use cannabis?

Cannabis withdrawal

We may be missing cannabis withdrawal

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome

What is cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome?

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS): Clinical features

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS): Management

Capzasin-HP cream: Information and instructions for patients


Hypnotics

Non-addictive sleep medications

Will zolpidem be detected on a standard urine drug screen? 

My best tip for reducing (or stopping) benzodiazepines and hypnotics


Kratom

Kratom: A primer for clinicians


Opioids

Opioid use disorder

Opioid use disorder is a VERY serious condition

Clinical pearls on prescribing buprenorphine (Suboxone®)

Clinical pearls about prescribing buprenorphine: Part Two

Buprenorphine (Subutex®, Suboxone®)

Buprenorphine extended-release injection (Sublocade®) 

Opioids in the urine drug screen

Tips for our opioid-dependent patients

Naltrexone (Revia®, Vivitrol®): Basic information

Tips on using naltrexone extended-release injectable (Vivitrol®)

Naltrexone extended-release injection (Vivitrol®): The how to


Fentanyl

Why we MUST know about fentanyl and fentanyl analogs

Fentanyl analogs and why they are so important

An overview of fentanyl opioid use disorder (addiction)

Special points in the management of fentanyl opioid use disorder (addiction)

Special tests are needed to identify fentanyl in the urine

Use and recommend an FDA-cleared over-the-counter fentanyl urine test

Why and how to use fentanyl test strips

For how long can fentanyl be detected in the urine?

Special issues in using naloxone for overdoses involving fentanyl


Miscellaneous

Loperamide abuse: Tips for mental health clinicians

NeuroStim System-2 (NSS-2) BRIDGE


Psychedelics

Considerable beneficial effects are reported by psilocybin users

What side effects can occur with psilocybin

Is psilocybin addictive?

Can psilocybin lead to suicide or other self-harm?

What we need to know about hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)

Can psychedelics cause serotonin toxicity (syndrome)?

Can a psychedelic be taken along with lithium?


Stimulants

Prescription stimulant medications

Eight tips for reducing the risk of  abuse/diversion of stimulants

Does lisdexamfetamine really have lower abuse potential?


Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine use: What, Who, How, and Why

What harms can result from methamphetamine use?

Three scenarios in which psychosis can occur in a methamphetamine user

How to treat methamphetamine use disorder


Other stimulants

What is khat, and why is it important in mental health?


Tobacco/ Nicotine

Tobacco/ Nicotine Use Disorder—General Articles

Are you evaluating and treating tobacco use disorder in your patients?

High-yield tips for evaluating patients who use tobacco

A primer on tobacco-free oral nicotine pouches


Drug interactions with tobacco smoking

Smoking and psychotropic medications

Time course of decrease in CYP1A2 activity after smoking cessation


Tobacco/ Nicotine Use Disorder—Management

A practical guide to the management of tobacco use disorder

A simple questionnaire to help guide tobacco cessation treatment

Should we ask former or current smokers if they have been screened for lung cancer?


Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT)

A practical guide to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)

Guide patients in obtaining reliable and affordable nicotine patches

How exactly should nicotine patches be used?

Detailed instructions for correctly using nicotine patches

How exactly should nicotine gum be used?

How exactly should nicotine lozenges be used?

How exactly should nicotine oral inhalers be used?

How exactly should nicotine nasal spray be used?

Don’t miss nicotine as a cause of the increase in pulse rate or blood pressure

Monitor pulse rate and blood pressure when bupropion and nicotine are combined


Varenicline

Are varenicline (Chantix) and bupropion safe for smoking cessation in persons with mental disorders?

Varenicline (Chantix®): Basic Information

A practical guide to using varenicline (Chantix®) for tobacco (smoking) cessation

What are the potential side effects of varenicline (Chantix®)?

Clarification about the potential neuropsychiatric side effects of varenicline (Chantix®)

Can varenicline (Chantix®) be stopped abruptly or should it be tapered off?


Electronic Cigarettes (E-cigarettes)

What are electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes)?

Do electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) work for smoking cessation?

What “authorities” say about e-cigarettes for tobacco use disorder


Finding treatment for addictions

How to find a certified addiction psychiatrist 

How to find treatment facilities for substance use disorders (addiction)

SAMHSA National Helpline (Treatment Referral Routing Service)

How to find a detoxification (detox) center

How to choose a rehab

Private facilities for the treatment of  substance use disorders


Substance use and Bipolar disorders

How common is the comorbidity of bipolar disorders and substance use disorders?

Bipolar disorder or substance use? Tips on resolving the diagnostic confusion

Tips on treating patients with BOTH a bipolar disorder AND a substance use disorder


Substance use—Miscellaneous articles

Tips on dealing with “slips” in recovery

Never crave alone

What happened to polysubstance dependence?

Practice guidelines for substance-related and addictive disorders

Monitor carefully even AFTER substance/medication-induced psychosis subsides

How can we know that a patient’s psychotic symptoms may be substance- or medication-induced?

How to learn addiction psychiatry


Also see: Anti-Addiction Medications at Other Psychiatric Medications (Main Menu)


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Disclaimer: The material on this website is provided as general education for medical professionals. It is not intended for patients or other laypersons, nor is it a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Patients must always consult a qualified healthcare professional regarding their diagnosis and treatment. Healthcare professionals should always check this website for the most up-to-date information.

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