Side effects: References - Simple and Practical Mental Health

This page contains references for each chapter of my book Side Effects of Psychiatric Medications: Prevention, Assessment, and Management (Second edition).

Chapter 1. General principles

Bull SA, Hu XH, Hunkeler EM, et al. Discontinuation of use and switching of antidepressants: influence of patient-physician communication. JAMA. 2002;288(11):1403-1409. PMID: 12234237.

Hu XH, Bull SA, Hunkeler EM, Ming E, Lee JY, Fireman B, Markson LE. Incidence and duration of side effects and those rated as bothersome with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment for depression: patient report versus physician estimate. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(7):959-965. PMID:15291685.

Chapter 2. Anticholinergic side effects

American Psychiatric Association (2020). Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia, Third Edition, 2020

Arana GW, Goff DC, Baldessarini RJ, Keepers GA. Efficacy of anticholinergic prophylaxis for neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia. Am J Psychiatry. 1988 Aug;145(8):993-6. doi: 10.1176/ajp.145.8.993. PMID: 2899403.

Arnold SE, Kahn RJ, Faldetta LL, Laing RA, McNair DM. Tricyclic antidepressants and peripheral anticholinergic activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1981;74(4):325-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00432740. PMID: 6794075.

Barton C, Sklenicka J, Sayegh P, Yaffe K. Contraindicated medication use among patients in a memory disorders clinic. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2008 Aug;6(3):147-52. PubMed PMID: 18775389.

Boustani MA, Campbell NL, Munger S, Maidment I, Fox GC. Impact of anticholinergics on the aging brain: a review and practical application. Aging Health. 2008;4(3):311-320.

Broderick ED, Metheny H, Crosby B. Anticholinergic Toxicity. 2020 Nov 23. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan–. PMID: 30521219.

Chew ML, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Lehman ME, Greenspan A, Mahmoud RA, Kirshner MA, Sorisio DA, Bies RR, Gharabawi G. Anticholinergic activity of 107 medications commonly used by older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Jul;56(7):1333-41. PubMed PMID: 18510583.

Das S, Chatterjee SS, Malathesh BC. Anticholinergic medications even in therapeutic range can cause recurrence of psychosis. Gen Psychiatr. 2020 Jul 19;33(4):e100235. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100235. PMID: 32783023; PMCID: PMC7371018.

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Goff DC, Arana GW, Greenblatt DJ, Dupont R, Ornsteen M, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. The effect of benztropine on haloperidol-induced dystonia, clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics: a prospective, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1991 Apr;11(2):106-12. PMID: 2056136.

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Kachru N, Carnahan RM, Johnson ML, Aparasu RR. Potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medication use in older adults with dementia. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2015 Nov-Dec;55(6):603-12. doi: 10.1331/JAPhA.2015.14288. PubMed PMID: 26501745.

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Krystal AD, Durrence HH, Scharf M, Jochelson P, Rogowski R, Ludington E, Roth T. Efficacy and Safety of Doxepin 1 mg and 3 mg in a 12-week Sleep Laboratory and Outpatient Trial of Elderly Subjects with Chronic Primary Insomnia. Sleep. 2010 Nov;33(11):1553-61. doi: 10.1093/sleep/33.11.1553. PMID: 21102997; PMCID: PMC2954705.

Krystal AD, Lankford A, Durrence HH, Ludington E, Jochelson P, Rogowski R, Roth T. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 3 and 6 mg in a 35-day sleep laboratory trial in adults with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep. 2011 Oct 1;34(10):1433-42. doi: 10.5665/SLEEP.1294. PMID: 21966075; PMCID: PMC3174845.

Lankford A, Rogowski R, Essink B, Ludington E, Heith Durrence H, Roth T. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 6 mg in a four-week outpatient trial of elderly adults with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep Med. 2012 Feb;13(2):133-8. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2011.09.006. Epub 2011 Dec 24. PMID: 22197474.

Mago R. Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Medications: A Call to Action. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016 Sep;39(3):361-73. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2016.04.005. PMID: 27514294.

Mate KE, Kerr KP, Pond D, Williams EJ, Marley J, Disler P, Brodaty H, Magin PJ. Impact of multiple low-level anticholinergic medications on anticholinergic load of community-dwelling elderly with and without dementia. Drugs Aging. 2015 Feb;32(2):159-67. doi: 10.1007/s40266-014-0230-0. PubMed PMID: 25566958.

Ramjan KA, Williams AJ, Isbister GK, Elliott EJ. ‘Red as a beet and blind as a bat’ Anticholinergic delirium in adolescents: lessons for the paediatrician. J Paediatr Child Health. 2007 Nov;43(11):779-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01220.x. PMID: 17924941.

Richey SM, Krystal AD. Pharmacological advances in the treatment of insomnia. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(15):1471-5. doi: 10.2174/138161211796197052. PMID: 21476952.

Roth T, Rogowski R, Hull S, Schwartz H, Koshorek G, Corser B, Seiden D, Lankford A. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 1 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg in adults with primary insomnia. Sleep. 2007 Nov;30(11):1555-61. doi: 10.1093/sleep/30.11.1555. PMID: 18041488; PMCID: PMC2082089.

Rudolph JL, Salow MJ, Angelini MC, McGlinchey RE. The anticholinergic risk scale and anticholinergic adverse effects in older persons. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Mar 10;168(5):508-13. PubMed PMID: 18332297.

Rummel C, Hamann J, Kissling W, Leucht S. New generation antipsychotics for first episode schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD004410. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004410. PMID: 14584012.

Salahudeen MS, Hilmer SN, Nishtala PS. Comparison of anticholinergic risk scales and associations with adverse health outcomes in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Jan;63(1):85-90. PubMed PMID: 25597560.

Scharf M, Rogowski R, Hull S, Cohn M, Mayleben D, Feldman N, Ereshefsky L, Lankford A, Roth T. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 1 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg in elderly patients with primary insomnia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Oct;69(10):1557-64. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v69n1005. Epub 2008 Oct 7. PMID: 19192438.

Wang GS, Baker K, Ng P, Janis GC, Leonard J, Mistry RD, Heard K. A randomized trial comparing physostigmine vs lorazepam for treatment of antimuscarinic (anticholinergic) toxidrome. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2020 Dec 9:1-13. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1854281. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33295809.

Chapter 3. Cardiovascular System

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Alawami M, Wasywich C, Cicovic A, Kenedi C. A systematic review of clozapine induced cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2014 Sep 20;176(2):315-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 25131906.

Andrade C, Sandarsh S, Chethan KB, Nagesh KS. Serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and abnormal bleeding: a review for clinicians and a reconsideration of mechanisms. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;71(12):1565-75. doi: 10.4088/JCP.09r05786blu. Review. PubMed PMID: 21190637.

Bak S, Tsiropoulos I, Kjaersgaard JO, Andersen M, Mellerup E, Hallas J, García Rodríguez LA, Christensen K, Gaist D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of stroke: a population-based case-control study. Stroke. 2002 Jun;33(6):1465-73. PubMed PMID: 12052976.

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Chapter 4. Discontinuation syndromes

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Frost L, Lal S. Shock-like sensations after discontinuation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 May;152(5):810. PubMed PMID: 7726327.

Giakas WJ, Davis JM. Intractable withdrawal from venlafaxine treated with fluoxetine. Psychiatric Annals. 1997;27(2):85-92.

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Launois C, Leu-Semenescu S, Brion A, Arnulf I. Major depression after withdrawing dopamine agonists in two patients with restless legs syndrome and impulse control disorders. Sleep Med. 2013 Jul;14(7):696. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.04.009. Epub 2013 May 25. PubMed PMID: 23714418.

Limotai N, Oyama G, Go C, Bernal O, Ong T, Moum SJ, Bhidayasiri R, Foote KD, Bowers D, Ward H, Okun MS. Addiction-like manifestations and Parkinson’s disease: a large single center 9-year experience. Int J Neurosci. 2012 Mar;122(3):145-53. doi: 10.3109/00207454.2011.633722. Epub 2011 Dec 6. PubMed PMID: 22023411.

Luckhaus C, Jacob C. Venlafaxine withdrawal syndrome not prevented by maprotiline, but resolved by sertraline. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001 Mar;4(1):43-4. doi: 10.1017/S1461145701002176. PMID: 11343628.

Nielsen M, Hansen EH, Gøtzsche PC. What is the difference between dependence and withdrawal reactions? A comparison of benzodiazepines and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Addiction. 2012 May;107(5):900-8. PubMed PMID: 21992148.

Nirenberg MJ. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome: implications for patient care. Drugs Aging. 2013 Aug;30(8):587-92. doi: 10.1007/s40266-013-0090-z. Review. PubMed PMID: 23686524.

Ogle NR, Akkerman SR. Guidance for the discontinuation or switching of antidepressant therapies in adults. J Pharm Pract. 2013 Aug;26(4):389-96. PubMed PMID: 23459282. Campagne DM. Venlafaxine and serious withdrawal symptoms: warning to drivers. MedGenMed. 2005 Jul 6;7(3):22. Review. PubMed PMID: 16369248; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1681629.

Patel S, Garcia X, Mohammad ME, Yu XX, Vlastaris K, O’Donnell K, Sutton K, Fernandez HH. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome (DAWS) in a tertiary Parkinson disease treatment center. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Aug 15;379:308-311. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.06.022. Epub 2017 Jun 16. PubMed PMID: 28716269. Large study but retrospective.

Pitchot W, Ansseau M. Shock-like sensations associated with duloxetine discontinuation. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Jul-Sep;20(3):175. PubMed PMID: 18633745.

Pondal M, Marras C, Miyasaki J, Moro E, Armstrong MJ, Strafella AP, Shah BB, Fox S, Prashanth LK, Phielipp N, Lang AE. Clinical features of dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in a movement disorders clinic. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013 Feb;84(2):130-5. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302684. Epub 2012 Aug 29. PubMed PMID: 22933817.

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Rabinak CA, Nirenberg MJ. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2010 Jan;67(1):58-63. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.294. PubMed PMID: 20065130. The first published report of DAWS.

Raby WN. Treatment of venlafaxine discontinuation symptoms with ondansetron. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998 Nov;59(11):621-2. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v59n1109d. PMID: 9862610.

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Schechter JO. Treatment of disequilibrium and nausea in the SRI discontinuation syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998 Aug;59(8):431-2. PubMed PMID: 9721826.

Shimo Y, Nakajima A, Hattori N. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in a patient with restless legs syndrome without impulse control disorder or drug abuse. Neurol Sci. 2015 Jun;36(6):1021-3. doi: 10.1007/s10072-014-1996-x. Epub 2014 Nov 2. PubMed PMID: 25362251.

Sir A, D’Souza RF, Uguz S, George T, Vahip S, Hopwood M, Martin AJ, Lam W, Burt T. Randomized trial of sertraline versus venlafaxine XR in major depression: efficacy and discontinuation symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Oct;66(10):1312-20. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v66n1015. PMID: 16259546.

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Terao T. Misdiagnosis of antidepressant discontinuation symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001 Jul;104(1):77-8. PubMed PMID: 11437757.

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Wolfe RM. Antidepressant withdrawal reactions. Am Fam Physician. 1997 Aug;56(2):455-62. Erratum in: Am Fam Physician 1998 Feb 15;57(4):646. PMID: 9262526.

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Chapter 5. Ears

Ahmad S. Venlafaxine and severe tinnitus. Am Fam Physician. 1995 Jun;51(8):1830. PMID: 7762476. Case report.

Baldo P, Doree C, Molin P, McFerran D, Cecco S. Antidepressants for patients with tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;2012(9):CD003853. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003853.pub3. PMID: 22972065; PMCID: PMC7156891. A systematic review of clinical trials.

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Dobie RA, Sakai CS, Sullivan MD, Katon WJ, Russo J. Antidepressant treatment of tinnitus patients: report of a randomized clinical trial and clinical prediction of benefit. Am J Otol. 1993 Jan;14(1):18-23. PMID: 8424470.

Golden RN, Evans DL. Antidepressants and tinnitus. Arch Intern Med. 1994 Jun 27;154(12):1411. doi: 10.1001/archinte.154.12.1411a. PMID: 8002694. Letter to the Editor.

Humma LM, Swims MP. Bupropion mimics a transient ischemic attack. Ann Pharmacother. 1999 Mar;33(3):305-7. doi: 10.1345/aph.18206. PMID: 10200854. Settle EC Jr. Tinnitus related to bupropion treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Aug;52(8):352. PMID: 1907965. Case reports.

Jacobson GP, McCaslin DL. A search for evidence of a direct relationship between tinnitus and suicide. J Am Acad Audiol. 2001 Nov-Dec;12(10):493-6. PMID: 11791935.

Langguth B, Landgrebe M, Wittmann M, Kleinjung T, Hajak G. Persistent tinnitus induced by tricyclic antidepressants. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Aug;24(8):1273-5. doi: 10.1177/0269881109106929. Epub 2009 Oct 13. PMID: 19825900.

Mendis D, Johnston M. An unusual case of prolonged tinnitus following low-dose amitriptyline. J Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jul;22(5):574-5. doi: 10.1177/0269881107082126. Epub 2008 Feb 28. PMID: 18308819. Settle EC Jr. Tinnitus related to bupropion treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Aug;52(8):352. PMID: 1907965. Case report.

Miller CW. Development of Tinnitus at a Low Dose of Sertraline: Clinical Course and Proposed Mechanisms. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2016;2016:1790692. doi: 10.1155/2016/1790692. Epub 2016 Sep 15. PMID: 27703829; PMCID: PMC5040800.

Oishi N, Kanzaki S, Shinden S, Saito H, Inoue Y, Ogawa K. Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor on treating tinnitus in patients stratified for presence of depression or anxiety. Audiol Neurootol. 2010;15(3):187-93. doi: 10.1159/000251916. Epub 2009 Oct 23. PMID: 19851065.

Pinto PC, Marcelos CM, Mezzasalma MA, Osterne FJ, de Melo Tavares de Lima MA, Nardi AE. Tinnitus and its association with psychiatric disorders: systematic review. J Laryngol Otol. 2014 Aug;128(8):660-4. doi: 10.1017/S0022215114001030. Epub 2014 Jul 17. PMID: 25033303.

Pondrom MF, Brahm NC. Venlafaxine-associated tinnitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2009 Sep 15;66(18):1606, 1608. doi: 10.2146/ajhp090309. PMID: 19729562. Case report.

Robinson SK, Viirre ES, Bailey KA, Gerke MA, Harris JP, Stein MB. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in the treatment of nondepressed tinnitus subjects. Psychosom Med. 2005 Nov-Dec;67(6):981-8. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000188479.04891.74. Erratum in: Psychosom Med. 2006 Jan-Feb;68(1):1 p preceding 1. Stein, Murray B [added]. PMID: 16314604.

Robinson SK, Viirre ES, Stein MB. Antidepressant therapy in tinnitus. Hear Res. 2007 Apr;226(1-2):221-31. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2006.08.004. Epub 2006 Sep 14. PMID: 16973315.

Savage J, Waddell A. Tinnitus. BMJ Clin Evid. 2014 Oct 20;2014:0506. PMID: 25328113; PMCID: PMC4202663.

Settle EC Jr. Tinnitus related to bupropion treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Aug;52(8):352. PMID: 1907965. Case report.

Sismanis A. Pulsatile tinnitus: contemporary assessment and management. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011 Oct;19(5):348-57. doi: 10.1097/MOO.0b013e3283493fd8. PMID: 22552697.

Sullivan M, Katon W, Russo J, Dobie R, Sakai C. A randomized trial of nortriptyline for severe chronic tinnitus. Effects on depression, disability, and tinnitus symptoms. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Oct 11;153(19):2251-9. PMID: 8215728.

Sullivan MD, Dobie RA, Sakai CS, Katon WJ. Treatment of depressed tinnitus patients with nortriptyline. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1989 Nov;98(11):867-72. doi: 10.1177/000348948909801107. PMID: 2817678.

Szibor A, Mäkitie A, Aarnisalo AA. Tinnitus and suicide: An unresolved relation. Audiol Res. 2019 Jun 7;9(1):222. doi: 10.4081/audiores.2019.222. PMID: 31275536; PMCID: PMC6580142.

Tunkel DE, Bauer CA, Sun GH, Rosenfeld RM, Chandrasekhar SS, Cunningham ER Jr, Archer SM, Blakley BW, Carter JM, Granieri EC, Henry JA, Hollingsworth D, Khan FA, Mitchell S, Monfared A, Newman CW, Omole FS, Phillips CD, Robinson SK, Taw MB, Tyler RS, Waguespack R, Whamond EJ. Clinical practice guideline: tinnitus. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Oct;151(2 Suppl):S1-S40. doi: 10.1177/0194599814545325. PMID: 25273878.

Ziai K, Moshtaghi O, Mahboubi H, Djalilian HR. Tinnitus Patients Suffering from Anxiety and Depression: A Review. Int Tinnitus J. 2017 Jun 1;21(1):68-73. doi: 10.5935/0946-5448.20170013. PMID: 28723605.

Chapter 6. Electrolytes

Allan R, Foster C. Problem-based review: A patient with metabolic acidosis. Acute Med. 2012;11(4):251-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 23364112.

Barnett SM, Jackson AH, Rosen BA, Garb JL, Braden GL. Nephrolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis From Topiramate Therapy in Children With Epilepsy. Kidney Int Rep. 2018 Feb 21;3(3):684-690. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.02.005. eCollection 2018 May. PubMed PMID: 29854977; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5976810.

Beers E, van Puijenbroek EP, Bartelink IH, van der Linden CM, Jansen PA. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) or hyponatraemia associated with valproic Acid: four case reports from the Netherlands and a case/non-case analysis of vigibase. Drug Saf. 2010 Jan 1;33(1):47-55. PubMed PMID: 20000866.

Berend K. Review of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2017 Dec;3(4):149-159. doi: 10.1159/000479279. Epub 2017 Sep 1. Review. PubMed PMID: 29344509; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5757610.

Brubaker RH, Meseeha M. High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis. 2018 Oct 27. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from http://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/books/NBK448090/ PubMed PMID: 28846305.

Burmeister JE, Pereira RR, Hartke EM, Kreuz M. Topiramate and severe metabolic acidosis: case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2005 Jun;63(2B):532-4. Epub 2005 Jul 25. PubMed PMID: 16059613.

Centor RM. Serum Total Carbon Dioxide. In: Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK308

De Picker L, Van Den Eede F, Dumont G, Moorkens G, Sabbe BG. Antidepressants and the risk of hyponatremia: a class-by-class review of literature. Psychosomatics. 2014 Nov-Dec;55(6):536-47. doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2014.01.010. Epub 2014 Apr 21. Review. PubMed PMID: 25262043.

Fabian TJ, Amico JA, Kroboth PD, Mulsant BH, Corey SE, Begley AE, Bensasi SG, Weber E, Dew MA, Reynolds CF 3rd, Pollock BG. Paroxetine-induced hyponatremia in older adults: a 12-week prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Feb 9;164(3):327-32. PubMed PMID: 14769630.

Fakhoury T, Murray L, Seger D, McLean M, Abou-Khalil B. Topiramate Overdose: Clinical and Laboratory Features. Epilepsy Behav. 2002 Apr;3(2):185-189. PubMed PMID: 12609421.

Fall PJ. A stepwise approach to acid-base disorders. Practical patient evaluation for metabolic acidosis and other conditions. Postgrad Med. 2000 Mar;107(3):249-50, 253-4, 257-8 passim. Review. PubMed PMID: 10728149.

Grant P, Ayuk J, Bouloux PM, Cohen M, Cranston I, Murray RD, Rees A, Thatcher N, Grossman A. The diagnosis and management of inpatient hyponatraemia and SIADH. Eur J Clin Invest. 2015 Aug;45(8):888-94. PubMed PMID: 25995119; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4744950.

Greenblatt HK, Greenblatt DJ. Antidepressant-Associated Hyponatremia in the Elderly. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Dec;36(6):545-549. Review. PubMed PMID: 27755157.

Jacob S, Spinler SA. Hyponatremia associated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in older adults. Ann Pharmacother. 2006 Sep;40(9):1618-22. Epub 2006 Aug 8. Review. PubMed PMID: 16896026.

Jones MB. Basic interpretation of metabolic acidosis. Crit Care Nurse. 2010 Oct;30(5):63-9; quiz 70. doi: 10.4037/ccn2010521. Review. PubMed PMID: 20889514.

Kraut JA, Madias NE. Serum anion gap: its uses and limitations in clinical medicine. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Jan;2(1):162-74. Epub 2006 Dec 6. Review. PubMed PMID: 17699401.

Kraut JA, Nagami GT. The serum anion gap in the evaluation of acid-base disorders: what are its limitations and can its effectiveness be improved? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013 Nov;8(11):2018-24. doi: 10.2215/CJN.04040413. Epub 2013 Jul 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 23833313; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3817910.

Langman LJ, Jannetto PJ, Sztajnkrycer MD. Unidentified anion gap metabolic acidosis. Clin Biochem. 2019 Mar;65:53-54. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.12.006. Epub 2018 Dec 19. PubMed PMID: 30578759.

Liamis G, Milionis HJ, Elisaf M. Pharmacologically-induced metabolic acidosis: a review. Drug Saf. 2010 May 1;33(5):371-91. doi: 10.2165/11533790-000000000-00000. Review. PubMed PMID: 20397738. 7: Casaletto JJ. Differential diagnosis of metabolic acidosis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2005 Aug;23(3):771-87, ix. Review. PubMed PMID: 15982545.

Lu X, Wang X. Hyponatremia induced by antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2017 Jan;16(1):77-87. Review. PubMed PMID: 27737595.

Mago R, Mahajan R, Thase ME. Medically serious adverse effects of newer antidepressants. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2008 Jun;10(3):249-57. Review. PubMed PMID: 18652794.

Mirza N, Marson AG, Pirmohamed M. Effect of topiramate on acid-base balance: extent, mechanism and effects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Nov;68(5):655-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03521.x. PubMed PMID: 19916989; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2791971.

Mirza NS, Alfirevic A, Jorgensen A, Marson AG, Pirmohamed M. Metabolic acidosis with topiramate and zonisamide: an assessment of its severity and predictors. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2011 May;21(5):297-302. doi: 10.1097/FPC.0b013e3283441b95. PubMed PMID: 21278619.

Pham AQ, Xu LH, Moe OW. Drug-Induced Metabolic Acidosis. F1000Res. 2015 Dec 16;4. pii: F1000 Faculty Rev-1460. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7006.1. eCollection 2015. Review. PubMed PMID: 26918138; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4754009.

Rastegar M, Nagami GT. Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis: A Clinical Approach to Evaluation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017 Feb;69(2):296-301. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.09.013. Epub 2016 Oct 28. PubMed PMID: 28029394.

Reddy P, Mooradian AD. Clinical utility of anion gap in deciphering acid-base disorders. Int J Clin Pract. 2009 Oct;63(10):1516-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02000.x. Review. PubMed PMID: 19769708.

Roxanas M, Hibbert E, Field M. Venlafaxine hyponatraemia: incidence, mechanism and management. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007 May;41(5):411-8. PubMed PMID: 17464733.

Sacks GS. The ABC’s of Acid-Base Balance. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Oct;9(4):235-42. doi: 10.5863/1551-6776-9.4.235. PubMed PMID: 23118702; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3469118.

Sinha A, Oo P, Asghar MU, Cheema HA, Mehta SS, Leinwand JC, Janga K. Type II Renal Tubular Acidosis Secondary to Topiramate: A Review. Cureus. 2018 Nov 26;10(11):e3635. doi: 10.7759/cureus.3635. Review. PubMed PMID: 30755834; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6351003.

Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, Korzelius C, Schrier RW, Sterns RH, Thompson CJ. Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations. Am J Med. 2013 Oct;126(10 Suppl 1):S1-42. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.07.006. PubMed PMID: 24074529.

Viramontes TS, Truong H, Linnebur SA. Antidepressant-Induced Hyponatremia in Older Adults. Consult Pharm. 2016 Mar;31(3):139-50. doi: 10.4140/TCP.n.2016.139. Review. PubMed PMID: 26975593.

Wilson WC. Clinical approach to acid-base analysis. Importance of the anion gap. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2001 Dec;19(4):907-12. Review. PubMed PMID: 11778385.

Chapter 7. Endocrine glands

Abdel Gadir A, Khatim MS, Muharib NS, Shaw RW. The aetiology of galactorrhoea in women with regular menstruation and normal prolactin levels. Hum Reprod. 1992 Aug;7(7):912-4. PubMed PMID: 1430126.

Abraham G, Paing WW, Kaminski J, Joseph A, Kohegyi E, Josiassen RC. Effects of elevated serum prolactin on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in female patients with schizophrenia: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;160(9):1618-20. PubMed PMID: 12944336.

Agarwal M, Das A, Singh SA. Hyperprolactinemia with normal serum prolactin: Its clinical significance. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2010 May;3(2):111-2. PubMed PMID: 21209758; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2970787.

Ajmal A, Joffe H, Nachtigall LB. Psychotropic-induced hyperprolactinemia: a clinical review. Psychosomatics. 2014 Jan-Feb;55(1):29-36. Review. PubMed PMID: 24140188.

Anghelescu I, Wolf J. Successful switch to aripiprazole after induction of hyperprolactinemia by ziprasidone: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;65(9):1286-7. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v65n0918f. PMID: 15367061.

Balijepalli C, Druyts E, Zoratti MJ, Wu P, Kanji S, Rabheru K, Yan K, Thorlund K. Change in Prolactin Levels in Pediatric Patients Given Antipsychotics for Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Network Meta-Analysis. Schizophr Res Treatment. 2018 Apr 1;2018:1543034. doi: 10.1155/2018/1543034. PMID: 29805808; PMCID: PMC5899856.

Barata PC, Santos MJ, Melo JC, Maia T. Olanzapine-Induced Hyperprolactinemia: Two Case Reports. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Jul 29;10:846. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00846. PMID: 31417404; PMCID: PMC6680598.

Bauer M, Blumentritt H, Finke R, Schlattmann P, Adli M, Baethge C, Bschor T, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Berghöfer A. Using ultrasonography to determine thyroid size and prevalence of goiter in lithium-treated patients with affective disorders. J Affect Disord. 2007 Dec;104(1-3):45-51. PubMed PMID: 17346802.

Bendz H, Sjödin I, Toss G, Berglund K. Hyperparathyroidism and long-term lithium therapy–a cross-sectional study and the effect of lithium withdrawal. J Intern Med. 1996 Dec;240(6):357-65. PubMed PMID: 9010382.

Berger M, Riedel M, Tomova N, Obermeier M, Seemüller F, Dittmann S, Moeller HJ, Severus E. Do current screening recommendations allow for early detection of lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism in patients with bipolar disorder? Int J Bipolar Disord. 2013 Jun 14;1:7. PubMed PMID: 25505674; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4230432.

Berwaerts J, Cleton A, Rossenu S, Talluri K, Remmerie B, Janssens L, Boom S, Kramer M, Eerdekens M. A comparison of serum prolactin concentrations after administration of paliperidone extended-release and risperidone tablets in patients with schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Jul;24(7):1011-8. doi: 10.1177/0269881109106914. Epub 2009 Oct 13. PMID: 19825908.

Bocchetta A, Cocco F, Velluzzi F, Del Zompo M, Mariotti S, Loviselli A. Fifteen-year follow-up of thyroid function in lithium patients. J Endocrinol Invest. 2007 May;30(5):363-6. PubMed PMID: 17598966.

Broome JT, Solorzano CC. Lithium use and primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2011 Mar-Apr;17 Suppl 1:31-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 21247849.

Brown EM. Lithium induces abnormal calcium-regulated PTH release in dispersed bovine parathyroid cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981 May;52(5):1046-8. PubMed PMID: 7228989.

Bushe C, Shaw M, Peveler RC. A review of the association between antipsychotic use and hyperprolactinaemia. J Psychopharmacol. 2008 Mar;22(2 Suppl):46-55. doi: 10.1177/0269881107088435. PMID: 18477620.

Carchman E, Ogilvie J, Holst J, Yim J, Carty S. Appropriate surgical treatment of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 2008 Oct;32(10):2195-9. doi: 10.1007/s00268-008-9616-7. PubMed PMID: 18463919.

Chen JX, Su YA, Bian QT, Wei LH, Zhang RZ, Liu YH, Correll C, Soares JC, Yang FD, Wang SL, Zhang XY. Adjunctive aripiprazole in the treatment of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015 Aug;58:130-40. PubMed PMID: 25981348.

Citrome L. Drug safety evaluation of ziprasidone. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2011 May;10(3):437-48. doi: 10.1517/14740338.2011.560114. Epub 2011 Feb 19. PMID: 21332416.

Citrome L. Lurasidone for schizophrenia: a review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved second-generation antipsychotic. Int J Clin Pract. 2011 Feb;65(2):189-210. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02587.x. Epub 2010 Dec 3. PMID: 21129135.

Citrome L, Ketter TA, Cucchiaro J, Loebel A. Clinical assessment of lurasidone benefit and risk in the treatment of bipolar I depression using number needed to treat, number needed to harm, and likelihood to be helped or harmed. J Affect Disord. 2014 Feb;155:20-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.040. Epub 2013 Oct 28. PMID: 24246116.

Citrome L, Stauffer VL, Chen L, Kinon BJ, Kurtz DL, Jacobson JG, Bergstrom RF. Olanzapine plasma concentrations after treatment with 10, 20, and 40 mg/d in patients with schizophrenia: an analysis of correlations with efficacy, weight gain, and prolactin concentration. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Jun;29(3):278-83. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181a289cb. PMID: 19440083.

Clayton AH, Ivkovic J, Chen D, George V, Hobart M. Effect of Brexpiprazole on Prolactin and Sexual Functioning: An Analysis of Short- and Long-Term Study Data in Major Depressive Disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020 Nov/Dec;40(6):560-567. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001297. PMID: 33136923; PMCID: PMC7643790.

Correll C, Kishimoto T, Carlson H. Review: most antipsychotic drugs more than double the prolactin levels in children and adolescents. Evid Based Ment Health. 2010 May;13(2):54. doi: 10.1136/ebmh.13.2.54. PMID: 21856617.

Crawford AM, Beasley CM Jr, Tollefson GD. The acute and long-term effect of olanzapine compared with placebo and haloperidol on serum prolactin concentrations. Schizophr Res. 1997 Jul 25;26(1):41-54. doi: 10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00036-4. PMID: 9376336.

Culpepper L, Vieta E, Kelly DL, Patel MD, Szatmári B, Hankinson A, Earley WR. Minimal Effects of Cariprazine on Prolactin Levels in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022 May 12;18:995-1011. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S348143. PMID: 35591886; PMCID: PMC9112044.

Daniels GH, Hayden DL, Goff DC, Kearns AE. Effect of risperidone dose on serum prolactin level. Endocr Pract. 2001 May-Jun;7(3):224. PubMed PMID: 11421571.

David SR, Taylor CC, Kinon BJ, Breier A. The effects of olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on plasma prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia. Clin Ther. 2000 Sep;22(9):1085-96. doi: 10.1016/S0149-2918(00)80086-7. PMID: 11048906.

De Hert M, Detraux J, Peuskens J. Second-generation and newly approved antipsychotics, serum prolactin levels and sexual dysfunctions: a critical literature review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014 May;13(5):605-24. Review. PubMed PMID: 24697217.

De Hert M, Detraux J, Stubbs B. Relationship between antipsychotic medication, serum prolactin levels and osteoporosis/osteoporotic fractures in patients with schizophrenia: a critical literature review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2016 Jun;15(6):809-23. Review. PubMed PMID: 26986209.

Dixon M, Luthra V, Todd C. Use of cinacalcet in lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism. BMJ Case Rep. 2018 Aug 29;2018. pii: bcr-2018-225154. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225154. PubMed PMID: 30158262.

Dyer O. Johnson & Johnson is ordered to pay $70m to boy who developed gynecomastia. BMJ. 2016 Jul 11;354:i3846. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i3846. PMID: 27402539.

Etminan M, Carleton B, Brophy JM. Risperidone and Risk of Gynecomastia in Young Men. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015 Nov;25(9):671-3. doi: 10.1089/cap.2015.0024. Epub 2015 Aug 19. PMID: 26287371.

Fagiolini A, Kupfer DJ, Scott J, Swartz HA, Cook D, Novick DM, Frank E. Hypothyroidism in patients with bipolar I disorder treated primarily with lithium. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2006 Apr-Jun;15(2):123-7. PubMed PMID: 16865933.

Gitlin M. Lithium side effects and toxicity: prevalence and management strategies. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2016 Dec;4(1):27. Review. PubMed PMID: 27900734; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5164879.

Goel P, Kahkasha, Narang S, Gupta BK, Goel K. Evaluation of serum prolactin level in patients of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015 Jan;9(1):BC15-7. PubMed PMID: 25737975; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4347066.

Grandjean EM, Aubry JM. Lithium: updated human knowledge using an evidence-based approach: part III: clinical safety. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(5):397-418. Review. PubMed PMID: 19453201.

Gregoor PS, de Jong GM. Lithium hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, and cinacalcet. Kidney Int. 2007 Mar;71(5):470. PubMed PMID: 17315015.

Grigg J, Worsley R, Thew C, Gurvich C, Thomas N, Kulkarni J. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: synthesis of world-wide guidelines and integrated recommendations for assessment, management and future research. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017 Nov;234(22):3279-3297. doi: 10.1007/s00213-017-4730-6. Epub 2017 Sep 9. PMID: 28889207.

Gunes S. Hyperprolactinemic Galactorrhea as a Side Effect of Aripiprazole: An Adolescent Case (Aripiprazole-Related Hyperprolactinemic Galactorrhea). J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018 Apr;38(2):161-162. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000836. PMID: 29360652.

Hamner M. The effects of atypical antipsychotics on serum prolactin levels. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Sep;14(3):163-73. doi: 10.1023/a:1021138603935. PMID: 12585566.

Holt RI. Medical causes and consequences of hyperprolactinaemia. A context for psychiatrists. J Psychopharmacol. 2008 Mar;22(2 Suppl):28-37. doi: 10.1177/0269881107087951. PMID: 18477618.

Hong L, Newton H, Nance M. Management of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;46(6):585. PubMed PMID: 22528977.

Hope J, Keks NA. Cariprazine: A new partial dopamine agonist with a familiar profile. Australas Psychiatry. 2022 Jun;30(3):382-385. doi: 10.1177/10398562211064254. Epub 2022 Feb 13. PMID: 35156402.

Ibrahim Y, Mohamed SE, Deniwar A, Al-Qurayshi ZH, Kandil E. Lithium-Associated Hyperparathyroidism: A Pooled Analysis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec.2015;77(5):273-80. Review. PubMed PMID: 26315685.

Ivkovic J, Lindsten A, George V, Eriksson H, Hobart M. Effect of Brexpiprazole on Prolactin: An Analysis of Short- and Long-Term Studies in Schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019 Jan/Feb;39(1):13-19. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000979. PMID: 30566415; PMCID: PMC6319696.

Jackson J, Safranek S, Daugird A. Clinical inquiries. What is the recommended evaluation and treatment for elevated serum prolactin? J Fam Pract. 2005 Oct;54(10):897-8, 901. PubMed PMID: 16202380.

Järhult J, Ander S, Asking B, Jansson S, Meehan A, Kristoffersson A, Nordenström J. Long-term results of surgery for lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. Br J Surg. 2010 Nov;97(11):1680-5. doi: 10.1002/bjs.7199. PubMed PMID: 20665482.

Johnston AM, Eagles JM. Lithium-associated clinical hypothyroidism. Prevalence and risk factors. Br J Psychiatry. 1999 Oct;175:336-9. PubMed PMID: 10789300.

Jordan MP. Ziprasidone-associated galactorrhea in a female teenager. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003 Jan;42(1):4-5. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200301000-00004. PMID: 12500070.

Kandil E, Dackiw AP, Alabbas H, Abdullah O, Tufaro AP, Tufano RP. A profile of patients with hyperparathyroidism undergoing lithium therapy for affective psychiatric disorders. Head Neck. 2011 Jul;33(7):925-7. PubMed PMID: 21557377.

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Kinon BJ, Volavka J, Stauffer V, Edwards SE, Liu-Seifert H, Chen L, Adams DH, Lindenmayer JP, McEvoy JP, Buckley PF, Lieberman JA, Meltzer HY, Wilson DR, Citrome L. Standard and higher dose of olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a randomized, double-blind, fixed-dose study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Aug;28(4):392-400. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31817e63a5. PMID: 18626265.

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Pérez-Iglesias R, Ortiz-Garcia de la Foz V, Martínez García O, Amado JA, Garcia-Unzueta MT, Ayesa-Arriola R, Suarez-Pinilla P, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Crespo-Facorro B. Comparison of metabolic effects of aripiprazole, quetiapine and ziprasidone after 12 weeks of treatment in first treated episode of psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2014 Oct;159(1):90-4. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.045. Epub 2014 Aug 20. PMID: 25151200.

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Sternbach H. Venlafaxine-induced galactorrhea. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003 Feb;23(1):109-10. PubMed PMID: 12544389.

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Chapter 8. Eyes

Carter JG, Schmidt R, Carter PA. Treating blurred vision associated with antipsychotic medication. Am J Psychiatry. 1977 Aug;134(8):941. PubMed PMID: 879373

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Malone DA Jr, Camara EG, Krug JH Jr. Ophthalmologic effects of psychotropic medications. Psychosomatics. 1992 Summer;33(3):271-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 1410200.

McDougal DH, Gamlin PD. Autonomic control of the eye. Compr Physiol. 2015 Jan;5(1):439-73. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c140014. Review. PubMed PMID: 25589275; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4919817.

Oshika T. Ocular adverse effects of neuropsychiatric agents. Incidence and management. Drug Saf. 1995 Apr;12(4):256-63. Review. PubMed PMID: 7646824.

Quigley HA. Glaucoma. Lancet. 2011 Apr 16;377(9774):1367-77. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61423-7. Epub 2011 Mar 30. PMID: 21453963.

Richa S, Yazbek JC. Ocular adverse effects of common psychotropic agents: a review. CNS Drugs. 2010 Jun;24(6):501-26. Review. PubMed PMID: 20443647.

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Shapiro AK. More on drug-induced blurred vision. Am J Psychiatry. 1977 Dec;134(12):1449. PubMed PMID: 920863.

Uzun S, Kozumplik O, Folnegovic-Smalc V, Jukic V, Petrinovic-Doresic J, Dorn L, Milas DZ, Mimica N. Treatment with risperidone and occurrence of blurred vision: a question of higher dosage. Can J Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;49(9):647. PubMed PMID: 15503746. Blurred vision improved in two weeks after the dose of risperidone was reduced but couldn’t it also have been due to development of tolerance?

Chapter 9. Gastrointestinal tract

Abraham B, Sellin JH. Drug-induced diarrhea. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007 Oct;9(5):365-72. Review. PubMed PMID: 17991336.

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Alastal Y, Hasan S, Chowdhury MA, Hammad T, Safi F, Rapport D, Assaly R. Hypertriglyceridemia-Induced Pancreatitis in Psychiatric Patients: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Am J Ther. 2016 May-Jun;23(3):e947-9. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000101. PMID: 24987947.

Alonso-Alonso M, Rodríguez Prada JI, Gómez-Alonso J. Pancreatitis asociada a la combinación de valproato y olanzapina [Pancreatitis coincident with valproate and olanzapine use]. Neurologia. 2006 Jan-Feb;21(1):47-8. Spanish. PMID: 16525929.

Asconapé JJ, Penry JK, Dreifuss FE, Riela A, Mirza W. Valproate-associated pancreatitis. Epilepsia. 1993 Jan-Feb;34(1):177-83. PubMed PMID: 8422855.

Bale JF Jr, Gay PE, Madsen JA. Monitoring of serum amylase levels during valproic acid therapy. Ann Neurol. 1982 Feb;11(2):217-8. PubMed PMID: 6176180.

Banks PA, Freeman ML; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct;101(10):2379-400. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00856.x. PMID: 17032204.

Barthez S, Revet A, Chouchana L, Jonville-Bera AP, Pizzoglio V, Raynaud JP, Chebane L, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Montastruc F. Adverse drug reactions in infants, children and adolescents exposed to antidepressants: a French pharmacovigilance study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020 Nov;76(11):1591-1599. doi: 10.1007/s00228-020-02944-7. Epub 2020 Jun 25. PMID: 32588107.

Baysal B, Kayar Y, Özmen A, ElShobaky M, Mahdi N, İnce AT, Danalıoğlu A, Şentürk H. Olanzapine-induced acute pancreatitis. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2015 May;26(3):289-90. doi: 10.5152/tjg.2015.0216. PMID: 26006214.

Belli H, Sertbas Y, Bayik Y. Olanzapine-induced diabetes due to pancreatitis. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov-Dec;24(6):273. PMID: 16424638.

Bergemann N, Ehrig C, Diebold K, Mundt C, von Einsiedel R. Asymptomatic pancreatitis associated with clozapine. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1999 Mar;32(2):78-80. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-979197. PMID: 10333168.

Bowers RD, Valanejad SM, Holombo AA. Mirtazapine-Induced Pancreatitis-A Case Report. J Pharm Pract. 2019 Oct;32(5):586-588. doi: 10.1177/0897190018760645. Epub 2018 Feb 27. PMID: 29486665.

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Buszek SM, Roy-Chaudhury P, Yadlapalli G. Olanzapine-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia Resulting in Necrotizing Pancreatitis. ACG Case Rep J. 2016 Aug 17;3(4):e104. doi: 10.14309/crj.2016.77. PMID: 27807566; PMCID: PMC5062670.

Byrne MF, Mitchell RM, Stiffler H, Jowell PS, Branch MS, Pappas TN, Tyler D, Baillie J. Extensive investigation of patients with mild elevations of serum amylase and/or lipase is ‘low yield’. Can J Gastroenterol. 2002 Dec;16(12):849-54. doi: 10.1155/2002/836012. PMID: 12522473.

Cerulli TR. Clozapine-associated pancreatitis. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1999 May-Jun;7(1):61-3. PMID: 10439307.

Chang TG, Chiu NY, Hsu WY. Acute pancreatitis associated with quetiapine use in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014 Jun;34(3):382-3. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000047. PMID: 24699039.

Chapman SA, Wacksman GP, Patterson BD. Pancreatitis associated with valproic acid: a review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy. 2001 Dec;21(12):1549-60. Review. PubMed PMID: 11765305.

Chen JL, Spinowitz N, Karwa M. Hypertriglyceridemia, acute pancreatitis, and diabetic ketoacidosis possibly associated with mirtazapine therapy: a case report. Pharmacotherapy. 2003 Jul;23(7):940-4. doi: 10.1592/phco.23.7.940.32725. PMID: 12885107.

Chougule A, Praharaj SK, Bhat SM, Sharma PSVN. Prevalence and Factors Associated With Clozapine-Related Constipation: An Observational Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018 Feb;38(1):42-46. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000824. PubMed PMID: 29257785.

Chukhin E, Takala P, Hakko H, Raidma M, Putkonen H, Räsänen P, Terevnikov V, Stenberg JH, Eronen M, Joffe G. In a randomized placebo-controlled add-on study orlistat significantly reduced clozapine-induced constipation. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Mar;28(2):67-70. doi: 10.1097/YIC.0b013e32835b08d2. PubMed PMID: 23187856.

Citrome L, McEvoy JP, Saklad SR. Guide to the Management of Clozapine-Related Tolerability and Safety Concerns. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. Fall 2016;10(3):163-177. Review. PubMed PMID: 27732102.

Cofini M, Quadrozzi F, Favoriti P, Favoriti M, Cofini G. Valproic acid-induced acute pancreatitis in pediatric age: case series and review of literature. G Chir. 2015 Jul-Aug;36(4):158-60. Review. PubMed PMID: 26712070; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4732585.

Cohen J, MacArthur KL, Atsawarungruangkit A, Perillo MC, Martin CR, Berzin TM, Shapiro NI, Sawhney MS, Freedman SD, Sheth SG. Defining the diagnostic value of hyperlipasemia for acute pancreatitis in the critically ill. Pancreatology. 2017 Mar-Apr;17(2):176-181. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2017.02.005. Epub 2017 Feb 8. PMID: 28237616.

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Daviss WB, Scott J. A chart review of cyproheptadine for stimulant-induced weight loss. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004 Spring;14(1):65-73. PubMed PMID: 15142393.

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Doucette DE, Grenier JP, Robertson PS. Olanzapine-induced acute pancreatitis. Ann Pharmacother. 2000 Oct;34(10):1128-31. doi: 10.1345/aph.19390. PMID: 11054978.

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Edström A, Persson G. Comparison of side effects with coated lithium carbonate tablets and lithium sulphate preparations giving medium-slow and slow-release. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1977 Feb;55(2):153-8. PubMed PMID: 320832.

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Gatto EM, Castronuovo AP, Uribe Roca MC. Clozapine and pancreatitis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1998 May-Jun;21(3):203. PMID: 9617515.

Gerstner T, Büsing D, Bell N, Longin E, Kasper JM, Klostermann W, Hebing B, Hanefeld F, Eckel U, Hoffmann R, Bettendorf U, Weidner B, Wiemer-Kruel A, Brockmann K, Neumann FW, Sandrieser T, Wolff M, König S. Valproic acid-induced pancreatitis: 16 new cases and a review of the literature. J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan;42(1):39-48. Review. PubMed PMID: 17322992.

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Hagger R, Brown C, Hurley P. Olanzapine and pancreatitis. Br J Psychiatry. 2000 Dec;177:567. doi: 10.1192/bjp.177.6.567. PMID: 11102343.

Hameed AM, Lam VW, Pleass HC. Significant elevations of serum lipase not caused by pancreatitis: a systematic review. HPB (Oxford). 2015 Feb;17(2):99-112. doi: 10.1111/hpb.12277. Epub 2014 Jun 3. PMID: 24888393; PMCID: PMC4299384.

Hanft A, Bourgeois J. Risperidone and pancreatitis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004 Dec;43(12):1458-9. doi: 10.1016/S0890-8567(09)61378-2. PMID: 15564814.

Hayes G, Gibler B. Clozapine-induced constipation. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Feb;152(2):298. PubMed PMID: 7840373.

Hibbard KR, Propst A, Frank DE, Wyse J. Fatalities associated with clozapine-related constipation and bowel obstruction: a literature review and two case reports. Psychosomatics. 2009 Jul-Aug;50(4):416-9. doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.50.4.416. Review. PubMed PMID: 19687183.

Hilger E, Quiner S, Ginzel I, Walter H, Saria L, Barnas C. The effect of orlistat on plasma levels of psychotropic drugs in patients with long-term psychopharmacotherapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Feb;22(1):68-70. PubMed PMID: 11799345.

Huang YJ, Lane HY, Liao CH, Huang CC. Recurrent pancreatitis without eosinophilia on clozapine rechallenge. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Nov 13;33(8):1561-2. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.08.019. Epub 2009 Sep 6. PMID: 19735691.

Hussain A, Burke J. Mirtazapine associated with recurrent pancreatitis – a case report. J Psychopharmacol. 2008 May;22(3):336-7. doi: 10.1177/0269881107081517. PMID: 18208920.

Ingimarsson O, MacCabe JH, Sigurdsson E. Constipation, ileus and medication use during clozapine treatment in patients with schizophrenia in Iceland. Nord J Psychiatry. 2018 Oct;72(7):497-500. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2018.1517189. Epub 2018 Oct 22. PubMed PMID: 30348045.

Jacobson SA. Laboratory Medicine in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science. American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington, DC, 2012.

Jeppsson J, Sjögren J. The influence of food on side effects and absorption of lithium. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1975 May;51(4):285-8. PubMed PMID: 1096537.

Joffe G, Takala P, Tchoukhine E, Hakko H, Raidma M, Putkonen H, Eronen M, Räsänen P. Orlistat in clozapine- or olanzapine-treated patients with overweight or obesity: a 16-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 May;69(5):706-11. PubMed PMID: 18426261.

Kahn D, Bourgeois JA. Acute pancreatitis and diabetic ketoacidosis in a schizophrenic patient taking olanzapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Aug;27(4):397-400. doi: 10.1097/01.jcp.0000264990.93652.80. PMID: 17632228.

Koller EA, Cross JT, Doraiswamy PM, Malozowski SN. Pancreatitis associated with atypical antipsychotics: from the Food and Drug Administration’s MedWatch surveillance system and published reports. Pharmacotherapy. 2003 Sep;23(9):1123-30. doi: 10.1592/phco.23.10.1123.32759. PMID: 14524644.

Kvande KT, Madsen S. Selektive serotoninreopptakshemmere og pankreatitt [Selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and pancreatitis]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2001 Jan 20;121(2):177-8. Norwegian. PMID: 11475194.

Laghate VD, Gupta SB. Acute pancreatitis and diabetic ketoacidosis in non-diabetic person while on treatment with sodium valproate, chlorpromazine and haloperidol. J Assoc Physicians India. 2004 Mar;52:257-8. PMID: 15636323.

Lai SW, Yu CC, Lin CL, Liao KF. The Risk of Acute Pancreatitis and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Use: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Dose Response. 2020 Mar 30;18(1):1559325820902352. doi: 10.1177/1559325820902352. PMID: 32284693; PMCID: PMC7133076.

Lally J, Al Kalbani H, Krivoy A, Murphy KC, Gaughran F, MacCabe JH. Hepatitis, Interstitial Nephritis, and Pancreatitis in Association With Clozapine Treatment: A Systematic Review of Case Series and Reports. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018 Oct;38(5):520-527. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000922. PMID: 30059436.

Lankisch PG, Doobe C, Finger T, Lübbers H, Mahlke R, Brinkmann G, Klöppel G, Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB. Hyperamylasaemia and/or hyperlipasaemia: incidence and underlying causes in hospitalized patients with non-pancreatic diseases. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009;44(2):237-41. doi: 10.1080/00365520802400891. PMID: 18819039.

Lankisch PG, Werner HM. Mirtazapine: another drug responsible for drug-induced acute pancreatitis? A letter of warning. Pancreas. 2003 Mar;26(2):211. doi: 10.1097/00006676-200303000-00021. PMID: 12604923.

Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, Nelson RL. Lactulose versus Polyethylene Glycol for Chronic Constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jul 7;(7):CD007570. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007570.pub2. Review. PubMed PMID: 20614462.

Levin TT, Barrett J, Mendelowitz A. Death from clozapine-induced constipation: case report and literature review. Psychosomatics. 2002 Jan-Feb;43(1):71-3. Review. PubMed PMID: 11927763.

Ljung R, Rück C, Mattsson F, Bexelius TS, Lagergren J, Lindblad M. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of acute pancreatitis: a Swedish population-based case-control study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jun;32(3):336-40. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e318253d71a. PMID: 22544014.

Luykx JJ, Huygh J, Daems J, Schoonheydt K. Fulminante pancreatitis door hypertriglyceridemie bij gebruik van quetiapine [Pancreatitis and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura caused by quetiapine-induced hypertriglyceridemia]. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2018;60(8):552-556. Dutch. PMID: 30132585.

Madsen KR. Fatal hypertriglyceridaemia, acute pancreatitis and diabetic ketoacidosis possibly induced by quetiapine. BMJ Case Rep. 2014 Jan 8;2014:bcr2013202039. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-202039. PMID: 24403385; PMCID: PMC3902488.

McFadden M, Gordon A, Leong G, Ward D, Scott JG. Pancreatitis associated with metformin used for management of clozapine-related weight gain. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2016 Jul;50(7):701-2. doi: 10.1177/0004867416631830. Epub 2016 Feb 16. PMID: 26883571.

Meyer JM, Cummings MA. Lubiprostone for treatment-resistant constipation associated with clozapine use. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014 Jul;130(1):71-2. doi: 10.1111/acps.12259. PubMed PMID: 24912951.

Mohan I, Wendelborn K. Constipation associated with clozapine: need for closer monitoring. Australas Psychiatry. 2016 Feb;24(1):97. doi: 10.1177/1039856215604487. PubMed PMID: 26850951.

Munoz MA, Sathyakumar K, Babu BA. Acute pancreatitis secondary to hypertriglyceridemia. Cleve Clin J Med. 2020 Nov 23;87(12):742-750. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.87a.19156. PMID: 33229390.

Nørgaard M, Jacobsen J, Gasse C, Pedersen L, Mortensen PB, Sørensen HT. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of acute pancreatitis: a population-based case-control study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Jun;27(3):259-62. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e318058a9c3. PMID: 17502772.

Naguy A, Elsori D. Quetiapine-induced pancreatitis in a case of juvenile bipolar disorder. Asia Pac Psychiatry. 2018 Sep;10(3):e12316. doi: 10.1111/appy.12316. Epub 2018 Mar 8. PMID: 29521014.

Navarro Dávila MA, Shihadeh LA, Plasencia García I. Mirtazapine-associated pancreatitis. Med Clin (Barc). 2018 Mar 9;150(5):206. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2017.08.006. Epub 2017 Sep 18. PMID: 28923677.

Nielsen J, Correll CU, Manu P, Kane JM. Termination of clozapine treatment due to medical reasons: when is it warranted and how can it be avoided? J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Jun;74(6):603-13; quiz 613. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12r08064. Review. PubMed PMID: 23842012.

Öhlund L, Ott M, Oja S, Bergqvist M, Lundqvist R, Sandlund M, Salander Renberg E, Werneke U. Reasons for lithium discontinuation in men and women with bipolar disorder: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Psychiatry. 2018 Feb 7;18(1):37. doi: 10.1186/s12888-018-1622-1. Erratum in: BMC Psychiatry. 2018 Oct 3;18(1):322. PubMed PMID: 29415689; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5804058.

Oke V, Schmidt F, Bhattarai B, Basunia M, Agu C, Kaur A, Enriquez D, Quist J, Salhan D, Gayam V, Mungikar P. Unrecognized clozapine-related constipation leading to fatal intra-abdominal sepsis – a case report. Int Med Case Rep J. 2015 Sep 11;8:189-92. doi: 10.2147/IMCRJ.S86716. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID: 26392790; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4573205.

Persson G. Lithium side effects in relation to dose and to levels and gradients of lithium in plasma. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1977 Mar;55(3):208-13. PubMed PMID: 848339.

Pezzilli R, Melandri R, Barakat B, Broccoli PL, Miglio F. Pancreatic involvement associated with tricyclic overdose. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998 Aug;30(4):418-20. PMID: 9789141.

Poetter CE, Stewart JT. Treatment of clozapine-induced constipation with bethanechol. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Oct;33(5):713-4. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182a1160d. PubMed PMID: 23963061.

Rege S, Lafferty T. Life-threatening constipation associated with clozapine. Australas Psychiatry. 2008 Jun;16(3):216-9. doi: 10.1080/10398560701882203. PubMed PMID: 18568631.

Rizos E, Tournikioti K, Alevyzakis E, Peppa M, Papazaxos K, Zorbas G, Michopoulos I, Liappas I, Papageorgiou C, Douzenis A. Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis Following Olanzapine Treatment and 759C/T Polymorphism of HTR2C Gene: A Case Report. In Vivo. 2015 Sep-Oct;29(5):529-31. PMID: 26359410.

Rompianesi G, Hann A, Komolafe O, Pereira SP, Davidson BR, Gurusamy KS. Serum amylase and lipase and urinary trypsinogen and amylase for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 21;4(4):CD012010. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012010.pub2. PMID: 28431198; PMCID: PMC6478262.

Sagy R, Weizman A, Katz N. Pharmacological and behavioral management of some often-overlooked clozapine-induced side effects. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014 Nov;29(6):313-7. doi: 10.1097/YIC.0000000000000044. Review. PubMed PMID: 24932886.

Sani G, Kotzalidis GD, Simonetti A, Solfanelli A, Mancinelli I, Calabrò G, De Rossi P, De Luca O, Gentile G, Lionetto L, Manfredi G, Girardi N, Ambrosi E, Simmaco M, Tatarelli R. Development of asymptomatic pancreatitis with paradoxically high serum clozapine levels in a patient with schizophrenia and the CYP1A2*1F/1F genotype. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010 Dec;30(6):737-9. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181faa7e3. PMID: 21057239.

Sebastián Domingo JJ, Simón Marco MA, Uribarrena Echebarría R. Hepatic and pancreatic injury associated with amineptine therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1994 Mar;18(2):168-9. doi: 10.1097/00004836-199403000-00023. PMID: 8189020.

Shirazi A, Stubbs B, Gomez L, Moore S, Gaughran F, Flanagan RJ, MacCabe JH, Lally J. Prevalence and Predictors of Clozapine-Associated Constipation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Jun 2;17(6). pii: E863. doi: 10.3390/ijms17060863. Review. PubMed PMID: 27271593; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4926397.

Silva MA, Key S, Han E, Malloy MJ. Acute Pancreatitis Associated With Antipsychotic Medication: Evaluation of Clinical Features, Treatment, and Polypharmacy in a Series of Cases. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Apr;36(2):169-72. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000459. PMID: 26859276.

Smith RC, Southwell-Keely J, Chesher D. Should serum pancreatic lipase replace serum amylase as a biomarker of acute pancreatitis? ANZ J Surg. 2005 Jun;75(6):399-404. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2005.03391.x. PMID: 15943725.

Sommer M, Dieterich A, Krause C, Rüther E, Wiltfang J. Subclinical pancreatitis related to mirtazapine – a case report. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001 Jul;34(4):158-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2001-15877. PMID: 11518479.

Sutton PA, Humes DJ, Purcell G, Smith JK, Whiting F, Wright T, Morgan L, Lobo DN. The role of routine assays of serum amylase and lipase for the diagnosis of acute abdominal pain. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2009 Jul;91(5):381-4. doi: 10.1308/003588409X392135. Epub 2009 Apr 30. PMID: 19409152; PMCID: PMC2758431.

Tchoukhine E, Takala P, Hakko H, Raidma M, Putkonen H, Räsänen P, Terevnikov V, Stenberg JH, Eronen M, Joffe G. Orlistat in clozapine- or olanzapine-treated patients with overweight or obesity: a 16-week open-label extension phase and both phases of a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Mar;72(3):326-30. doi: 10.4088/JCP.09m05283yel. Epub 2010 Aug 24. PubMed PMID: 20816037.

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Treacy J, Williams A, Bais R, Willson K, Worthley C, Reece J, Bessell J, Thomas D. Evaluation of amylase and lipase in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. ANZ J Surg. 2001 Oct;71(10):577-82. doi: 10.1046/j.1445-2197.2001.02220.x. PMID: 11552931.

Vaidyanathan S, Subramanian K, Bharadwaj B, Das S, Kola GST, Maroju NK. Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis Associated With Orally Disintegrating Formulation of Olanzapine: Implications on Clinical Presentation and Management. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019 Sep/Oct;39(5):519-521. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001081. PMID: 31433336.

Vestergaard P, Poulstrup I, Schou M. Prospective studies on a lithium cohort. 3. Tremor, weight gain, diarrhea, psychological complaints. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1988 Oct;78(4):434-41. PubMed PMID: 3227963.

Wehmeier PM, Heiser P, Remschmidt H. Pancreatitis followed by pericardial effusion in an adolescent treated with clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003 Feb;23(1):102-3. doi: 10.1097/00004714-200302000-00017. PMID: 12544384.

Whitmyer et al. A comparison of initial duloxetine dosing strategies in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(12):1921-30. PubMed PMID: 18162024.

Woodall BS, DiGregorio RV. Comment: olanzapine-induced acute pancreatitis. Ann Pharmacother. 2001 Apr;35(4):506-8. doi: 10.1345/aph.10076a. PMID: 11302419.

Yang SH, McNeely MJ. Rhabdomyolysis, pancreatitis, and hyperglycemia with ziprasidone. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Aug;159(8):1435. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.8.1435. PMID: 12153844.

Yazdani K, Lippmann M, Gala I. Fatal pancreatitis associated with valproic acid: review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2002 Jul;81(4):305-10. Review. PubMed PMID: 12169885.

Yildiz MI, Karacam Dogan M, Mutlu E, Abdullayeva L, Ozmen F, Ertugrul A. All in One: Clozapine-Associated Acute Pancreatitis With Multiple Organ Involvement. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2021 Mar-Apr 01;41(2):214-216. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001365. PMID: 33587396.

Chapter 10. Genitals/Sexuality

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Aldemir E, Arici Ş, Umul M, Öztürk U, Aydin HH, Çelebisoy M, Vahip S. Abnormal semen parameters in bipolar men treated with valproate. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2012 Summer;23(2):145-6. PMID: 22826831.

Aldemir M, Keles I, Karalar M, Tecer E, Adalı F, Pektas MB, Parlar AI, Darçın OT. Nebivolol compared with metoprolol for erectile function in males undergoing coronary artery bypass graft. Anatol J Cardiol. 2016 Feb;16(2):131-6. PubMed PMID: 26467373; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5336728.

Alhathal N, Elshal AM, Carrier S. Synergetic effect of testosterone and phophodiesterase-5 inhibitors in hypogonadal men with erectile dysfunction: A systematic review. Can Urol Assoc J. 2012 Aug;6(4):269-74. PubMed PMID: 23093538; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3433544.

Arnott S, Nutt D. Successful treatment of fluvoxamine-induced anorgasmia by cyproheptadine. Br J Psychiatry. 1994 Jun;164(6):838-9. PubMed PMID: 7952994.

Bacon CG, Mittleman MA, Kawachi I, Giovannucci E, Glasser DB, Rimm EB. A prospective study of risk factors for erectile dysfunction. J Urol. 2006 Jul;176(1):217-21. PubMed PMID: 16753404.

Bacon CG, Mittleman MA, Kawachi I, Giovannucci E, Glasser DB, Rimm EB. Sexual function in men older than 50 years of age: results from the health professionals follow-up study. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Aug 5;139(3):161-8. PubMed PMID: 12899583.

Ban Y, Naya M, Nishimura T, Kaneto M, Kishi K, Inoue T, Yoshizaki H, Ooshima Y. Collaborative study on rat sperm motion analysis using CellSoft Series 4000 semen analyzer. J Toxicol Sci. 2001 Feb;26(1):9-24. doi: 10.2131/jts.26.9. PMID: 11255794.

Battaglia C, Venturoli S. Persistent genital arousal disorder and trazodone. Morphometric and vascular modifications of the clitoris. A case report. J Sex Med. 2009 Oct;6(10):2896-900. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01418.x. Epub 2009 Aug 11. PMID: 19674253.

Baumhäkel M, Schlimmer N, Kratz M, Hackett G, Jackson G, Böhm M. Cardiovascular risk, drugs and erectile function–a systematic analysis. Int J Clin Pract. 2011 Mar;65(3):289-98. Review. PubMed PMID: 21314866.

Berk M, Acton M. Citalopram-associated clitoral priapism: a case series. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997 Mar;12(2):121-2. PubMed PMID: 9219048.

Bobes J, González MP, Bascarán MT, Clayton A, Garcia M, Rico-Villade Moros F, Banús S. Evaluating changes in sexual functioning in depressed patients: sensitivity to change of the CSFQ. J Sex Marital Ther. 2002 Mar-Apr;28(2):93-103. PubMed PMID: 11894800.

Bobes J, Gonzalez MP, Rico-Villandemoros F, Bascaran MT, Sarasa P, Clayton A. Validation of the Spanish version of the Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ). J Sex Marital Ther. 2000 Apr-Jun;26(2):119-31. PubMed PMID: 10782444.

Bonierbale M, Lançon C, Tignol J. The ELIXIR study: evaluation of sexual dysfunction in 4557 depressed patients in France. Curr Med Res Opin. 2003;19(2):114-24. PubMed PMID: 12740155.

Brixius K, Middeke M, Lichtenthal A, Jahn E, Schwinger RH. Nitric oxide, erectile dysfunction and beta-blocker treatment (MR NOED study): benefit of nebivolol versus metoprolol in hypertensive men. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2007 Apr;34(4):327-31. PubMed PMID: 17324145.

Brock GB, McMahon CG, Chen KK, Costigan T, Shen W, Watkins V, Anglin G, Whitaker S. Efficacy and safety of tadalafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: results of integrated analyses. J Urol. 2002 Oct;168(4 Pt 1):1332-6. Erratum in: J Urol. 2005 Feb;173(2):664.

Brodie-Meijer CC, Diemont WL, Buijs PJ. Nefazodone-induced clitoral priapism. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 Jul;14(4):257-8. PubMed PMID: 10468320.

Bruzziches R, Francomano D, Gareri P, Lenzi A, Aversa A. An update on pharmacological treatment of erectile dysfunction with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2013 Jul;14(10):1333-44. Review. PubMed PMID: 23675780.

Bucur M, Mahmood T. Olanzapine-induced clitoral priapism. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 Oct;24(5):572-3. doi: 10.1097/01.jcp.0000138779.78633.0c. PMID: 15349027.

Buvat J, Lemaire A. Endocrine screening in 1,022 men with erectile dysfunction: clinical significance and cost-effective strategy. J Urol. 1997 Nov;158(5):1764-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 9334596.

Cao S, Yin X, Wang Y, Zhou H, Song F, Lu Z. Smoking and risk of erectile dysfunction: systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60443. Review. PubMed PMID: 23573257; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3616119.

Clayton AH, Warnock JK, Kornstein SG, Pinkerton R, Sheldon-Keller A, McGarvey EL. A placebo-controlled trial of bupropion SR as an antidote for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Jan;65(1):62-7. PubMed PMID: 14744170.

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Zubieta JK, Demitrack MA. Depression after cyproheptadine: MAO treatment. Biol Psychiatry. 1992 Jun 1;31(11):1177-8. PubMed PMID: 1525285.

Chapter 11. Blood sugar

Cohen D, Correll CU. Second-generation antipsychotic-associated diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis: mechanisms, predictors, and screening need. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009 May;70(5):765-6. doi: 10.4088/jcp.09ac05255. PMID: 19552870.

De Hert M, Hanssens L, van Winkel R, Wampers M, Van Eyck D, Scheen A, Peuskens J. Reversibility of antipsychotic treatment-related diabetes in patients with schizophrenia: a case series of switching to aripiprazole. Diabetes Care. 2006 Oct;29(10):2329-30. doi: 10.2337/dc-06-1393. PMID: 17003321.

De Hert M, Hanssens L, van Winkel R, Wampers M, Van Eyck D, Scheen A, Peuskens J. A case series: evaluation of the metabolic safety of aripiprazole. Schizophr Bull. 2007 May;33(3):823-30. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbl037. Epub 2006 Aug 29. PMID: 16940338; PMCID: PMC2526132.

Dibben CR, Kalavalapalli SS, Linnington HE, Hynes FA, Dinneen SF, Adler AI, McKenna PJ. Diabetes associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment may be severe but reversible: case report. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2005;35(3):307-11. doi: 10.2190/B9RD-VMC4-CU8C-KFDD. PMID: 16480245.

Kim SH, Ivanova O, Abbasi FA, Lamendola CA, Reaven GM, Glick ID. Metabolic impact of switching antipsychotic therapy to aripiprazole after weight gain: a pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Aug;27(4):365-8. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3180a9076c. PMID: 17632220.

Koller E, Schneider B, Bennett K, Dubitsky G. Clozapine-associated diabetes. Am J Med. 2001 Dec 15;111(9):716-23. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(01)01000-2. PMID: 11747852.

Mallya A, Chawla P, Boyer SK, DeRosear L. Resolution of hyperglycemia on risperidone discontinuation: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 May;63(5):453-4. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v63n0513d. PMID: 12019673.

Polcwiartek C, Vang T, Bruhn CH, Hashemi N, Rosenzweig M, Nielsen J. Diabetic ketoacidosis in patients exposed to antipsychotics: a systematic literature review and analysis of Danish adverse drug event reports. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2016 Oct;233(21-22):3663-3672. doi: 10.1007/s00213-016-4411-x. Epub 2016 Sep 4. PMID: 27592232.

Strassnig M, Awerbuck J, Ganguli R. Diabetes resolution following discontinuation of a second-generation antipsychotic. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2013 Jan;6(4):202-3. doi: 10.3371/CSRP.STAW.01062013. PMID: 23302450.

Chapter 12. Liver

Adler LW, Regenold WT. Valproate-Related Hyperammonemia in Older Adult Psychiatric Inpatients. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2015 Apr 2;17(2). doi: 10.4088/PCC.14l01737. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID: 26445683; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4560181.

Aiyer R, Seide M, Stern RG. Valproic Acid Induced Hyperammonemia in a Long Time Treated Patient. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2016;2016:6242314. doi: 10.1155/2016/6242314. Epub 2016 Jul 19. PubMed PMID: 27516916; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4969522.

Ammonia, Plasma. LabCorp. Available at: https://www.labcorp.com/test-menu/19791/ammonia-plasma.

Ayyub OB, Behrens AM, Heligman BT, Natoli ME, Ayoub JJ, Cunningham G, Summar M, Kofinas P. Simple and inexpensive quantification of ammonia in whole blood. Mol Genet Metab. 2015 Jun-Jul;115(2-3):95-100. PubMed PMID: 25936660; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4462127.

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Lewis C, Deshpande A, Tesar GE, Dale R. Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy: a brief review. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012 Jun;28(6):1039-42. doi: 10.1185/03007995.2012.694362. Epub 2012 Jun 6. Review. PubMed PMID: 22587482.

Lheureux PE, Penaloza A, Zahir S, Gris M. Science review: carnitine in the treatment of valproic acid-induced toxicity – what is the evidence? Crit Care. 2005 Oct 5;9(5):431-40. Epub 2005 Jun 10. Review. PubMed PMID: 16277730; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1297603.

Maranda B, Cousineau J, Allard P, Lambert M. False positives in plasma ammonia measurement and their clinical impact in a pediatric population. Clin Biochem. 2007 May;40(8):531-5. PubMed PMID: 17408610.

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Raja M, Azzoni A. Valproate-induced hyperammonaemia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Dec;22(6):631-3. PubMed PMID: 12454569.

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Rousseau MC, Montana M, Villano P, Catala A, Blaya J, Valkov M, Allouard Y, Bugni E. Valproic acid-induced encephalopathy in very long course treated patients. Brain Inj. 2009 Nov;23(12):981-4. doi: 10.3109/02699050903302344. PubMed PMID: 19831495.

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Stewart JT. A case of hyperammonemic encephalopathy after 11 years of valproate therapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jun;28(3):361-2. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31817275b6. PubMed PMID: 18480705.

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Tseng YL, Huang CR, Lin CH, Lu YT, Lu CH, Chen NC, Chang CC, Chang WN, Chuang YC. Risk factors of hyperammonemia in patients with epilepsy under valproic acid therapy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014 Sep;93(11):e66. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000066. PubMed PMID: 25192484; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4616274.

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Wadzinski J, Franks R, Roane D, Bayard M. Valproate-associated hyperammonemic encephalopathy. J Am Board Fam Med. 2007 Sep-Oct;20(5):499-502. Review. PubMed PMID: 17823470.

Chapter 13. Mouth

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ALHumaid J, Bamashmous M. Meta-analysis on the Effectiveness of Xylitol in Caries Prevention. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2022 Apr 8;12(2):133-138. doi: 10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_164_21. PMID: 35462747; PMCID: PMC9022379.

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Babaee N, Gholizadehpasha A, Zahedpasha S, Moghadamnia Y, Zamaninejad S, Moghadamnia AA. Effects of milk curd on saliva secretion in healthy volunteer compared to baseline, 2% pilocarpine and equivalent pH adjusted acetic acid solutions. Indian J Dent Res. 2011 Jul-Aug;22(4):547-51. doi: 10.4103/0970-9290.90294. PubMed PMID: 22124050. Study from Iran.

Bernardi R, Perin C, Becker FL, Ramos GZ, Gheno GZ, Lopes LR, Pires M, Barros HM. Effect of pilocarpine mouthwash on salivary flow. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2002 Jan;35(1):105-10. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879×2002000100015. PMID: 11743622.

Bird AM, Smith TL, Walton AE. Current treatment strategies for clozapine-induced sialorrhea. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 May;45(5):667-75. PubMed PMID: 21540404.

Bostwick JM, Jaffee MS. Buspirone as an antidote to SSRI-induced bruxism in 4 cases. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;60(12):857-60. PubMed PMID: 10665633.

Brown ES, Hong SC. Antidepressant-induced bruxism successfully treated with gabapentin. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999 Oct;130(10):1467-9. PubMed PMID: 10570590.

Burgess J, Lee P. XyliMelts time-release adhering discs for night-time oral dryness. Int J Dent Hyg. 2012 May;10(2):118-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2011.00532.x. Epub 2011 Oct 31. PMID: 22040224.

Chang JP, Wu CC, Su KP. A case of venlafaxine-induced bruxism alleviated by duloxetine substitution. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jan 15;35(1):307. PubMed PMID: 21111016.

Chatterjee SS, Maji A, Mallik N. Paroxetine induced bruxism, treated with Buspirone : An unexplored entity. Bengal Journal of Psychiatry. 2013 Jan-June;19 (1): 29-31.

Cifuentes M, Del Barrio-Díaz P, Vera-Kellet C. Pilocarpine and artificial saliva for the treatment of xerostomia and xerophthalmia in Sjögren syndrome: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2018 Nov;179(5):1056-1061. doi: 10.1111/bjd.16442. Epub 2018 May 29. PMID: 29432648.

Çolak Sivri R, Akça ÖF. Buspirone in the Treatment of Fluoxetine-Induced Sleep Bruxism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016 Oct;26(8):762-763. PubMed PMID: 27315110.

Davies AN, Singer J. A comparison of artificial saliva and pilocarpine in radiation-induced xerostomia. J Laryngol Otol. 1994 Aug;108(8):663-5. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100127768. PMID: 7930915.

Ellison JM, Stanziani P. SSRI-associated nocturnal bruxism in four patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993 Nov;54(11):432-4. PubMed PMID: 8270587.

Falisi G, Rastelli C, Panti F, Maglione H, Quezada Arcega R. Psychotropic drugs and bruxism. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014 Oct;13(10):1319-26. PubMed PMID: 25195948.

Freudenreich O, Beebe M, Goff DC. Clozapine-induced sialorrhea treated with sublingual ipratropium spray: a case series. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 Feb;24(1):98-100. PubMed PMID: 14709958.

Frydrych AM, Davies GR, Slack-Smith LM, Heywood J. An investigation into the use of pilocarpine as a sialagogue in patients with radiation induced xerostomia. Aust Dent J. 2002 Sep;47(3):249-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2002.tb00337.x. PMID: 12405466.

Gil-Montoya JA, Silvestre FJ, Barrios R, Silvestre-Rangil J. Treatment of xerostomia and hyposalivation in the elderly: A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2016 May 1;21(3):e355-66. PubMed PMID: 27031061; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4867210.

Goto T, Kato M, Matsumura Y, Omata N, Yoshida M, Watanabe K, Takahashi T, Higashima M, Wada Y. Scopolamine Ointment for Clozapine-Associated Sialorrhea: A Case Report. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Feb;37(1):106-107. PubMed PMID: 27846048.

Hamlar DD, Schuller DE, Gahbauer RA, Buerki RA, Staubus AE, Hall J, Altman JS, Elzinga DJ, Martin MR. Determination of the efficacy of topical oral pilocarpine for postirradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 1996 Aug;106(8):972-6. doi: 10.1097/00005537-199608000-00011. PMID: 8699911.

Hazara R. Depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and bruxism. Dent Update. 2015 Dec;42(10):979. PubMed PMID: 26856008.

Iskandar JW, Wood B, Ali R, Wood RL. Successful monitoring of fluoxetine-induced nocturnal bruxism: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;73(3):366. PubMed PMID: 22490260.

Jaffee MS, Bostwick JM. Buspirone as an antidote to venlafaxine-induced bruxism. Psychosomatics. 2000 Nov-Dec;41(6):535-6. PubMed PMID: 11110119.

Janakiram C, Deepan Kumar CV, Joseph J. Xylitol in preventing dental caries: A systematic review and meta-analyses. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2017 Jan-Jun;8(1):16-21. doi: 10.4103/0976-9668.198344. PMID: 28250669; PMCID: PMC5320817.

Kim JH, Ahn HJ, Choi JH, Jung DW, Kwon JS. Effect of 0.1% pilocarpine mouthwash on xerostomia: double-blind, randomised controlled trial. J Oral Rehabil. 2014 Mar;41(3):226-35. doi: 10.1111/joor.12127. PubMed PMID: 24527846.

Kishi Y. Paroxetine-induced bruxism effectively treated with tandospirone. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007 Winter;19(1):90-1. PubMed PMID: 17308240.

Kreinin A, Miodownik C, Mirkin V, Gaiduk Y, Yankovsky Y, Bersudsky Y, Lerner PP, Bergman J, Lerner V. Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Metoclopramide for Hypersalivation Associated With Clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Jun;36(3):200-5. PubMed PMID: 27028980.

Kulkarni RR. Low-dose Amisulpride for Debilitating Clozapine-induced Sialorrhea: Case Series and Review of Literature. Indian J Psychol Med. 2015 Oct-Dec;37(4):446-8. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.168592. PubMed PMID: 26702180; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4676214.

Kuloglu M, Ekinci O, Caykoylu A. Venlafaxine-associated nocturnal bruxism in a depressive patient successfully treated with buspirone. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Apr;24(4):627-8. PubMed PMID: 19264817.

Lakraj AA, Moghimi N, Jabbari B. Sialorrhea: anatomy, pathophysiology and treatment with emphasis on the role of botulinum toxins. Toxins (Basel). 2013 May 21;5(5):1010-31. PubMed PMID: 23698357; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3709276.

Landén M, Eriksson E, Agren H, Fahlén T. Effect of buspirone on sexual dysfunction in depressed patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 Jun;19(3):268-71. PubMed PMID: 10350034.

Leung JG, Schak KM. Potential problems surrounding the use of sublingually administered ophthalmic atropine for sialorrhea. Schizophr Res. 2016 Dec 30. pii: S0920-9964(16)30603-X. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28043733.

Li KX, Loshak H. Pilocarpine for Medication-induced Dry Mouth and Dry Eyes: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Guidelines [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2019 Dec 11. PMID: 32129966.

Liang CS, Ho PS, Shen LJ, Lee WK, Yang FW, Chiang KT. Comparison of the efficacy and impact on cognition of glycopyrrolate and biperiden for clozapine-induced sialorrhea in schizophrenic patients: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Schizophr Res. 2010 Jun;119(1-3):138-44. PubMed PMID: 20299191.

Lin XL, Tang SY. Sodium valproate may be a treatment for sleep bruxism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013 Nov;23(9):636-7. PubMed PMID: 24168714.

Lobbezoo F, van Denderen RJ, Verheij JG, Naeije M. Reports of SSRI-associated bruxism in the family physician’s office. J Orofac Pain. 2001 Fall;15(4):340-6. PubMed PMID: 12400402.

Maher S, Cunningham A, O’Callaghan N, Byrne F, Mc Donald C, McInerney S, Hallahan B. Clozapine-induced hypersalivation: an estimate of prevalence, severity and impact on quality of life. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2016 Jun;6(3):178-84. PubMed PMID: 27354906; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4910403.

Man WH, Colen-de Koning JC, Schulte PF, Cahn W, van Haelst IM, Doodeman HJ, Egberts TC, Heerdink ER, Wilting I. The Effect of Glycopyrrolate on Nocturnal Sialorrhea in Patients Using Clozapine: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Apr;37(2):155-161. PubMed PMID: 28129312.

Masters KJ. Pilocarpine treatment of xerostomia induced by psychoactive medications. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 May;162(5):1023. PubMed PMID: 15863819.

Milanlioglu A. Paroxetine-induced severe sleep bruxism successfully treated with buspirone. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2012;67(2):191-2. PubMed PMID: 22358247; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3275112.

Miyaoka T, Yasukawa R, Mihara T, Shimizu Y, Tsubouchi K, Maeda T, Mizuno S, Uegaki J, Inagaki T, Horiguchi J, Tachibana H. Successful electroconvulsive therapy in major depression with fluvoxamine-induced bruxism. J ECT. 2003 Sep;19(3):170-2. PubMed PMID: 12972988.

Mukherjee S, Sen S, Biswas A, Chatterjee SS, Tripathi SK. Escitalopram Induced Bruxism: A Case Report. Sch. J. App. Med. Sci., 2014; 2(3D):1162-1163.

Murphy LA, Coleman AE. Xylitol toxicosis in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2012 Mar;42(2):307-12, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.12.003. Epub 2012 Jan 9. PMID: 22381181.

Nikles J, Mitchell GK, Hardy J, Agar M, Senior H, Carmont SA, Schluter PJ, Good P, Vora R, Currow D. Do pilocarpine drops help dry mouth in palliative care patients: a protocol for an aggregated series of n-of-1 trials. BMC Palliat Care. 2013 Oct 31;12(1):39. doi: 10.1186/1472-684X-12-39. PubMed PMID: 24176001; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3827871.

Nikles J, Mitchell GK, Hardy J, Agar M, Senior H, Carmont SA, Schluter PJ, Good P, Vora R, Currow D. Testing pilocarpine drops for dry mouth in advanced cancer using n-of-1 trials: A feasibility study. Palliat Med. 2015 Dec;29(10):967-74. doi: 10.1177/0269216315585473. PubMed PMID: 26001395.

Orsagh-Yentis DK, Wink LK, Stigler KA, Erickson CA, McDougle CJ. Buspirone for bruxism in a child with pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011 Dec;21(6):643-5. PubMed PMID: 22136097.

Oulis P, Dimitrakopoulos S, Konstantakopoulos G, Tsaltas E, Kollias K. Low-dose aripiprazole in the treatment of SSRI-induced bruxism. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012 Summer;24(3):E39. PubMed PMID: 23037677.

Pavlovic ZM. Buspirone to improve compliance in venlafaxine-induced movement disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004 Dec;7(4):523-4. PubMed PMID: 15383159.

Pereira RMS, Bastos MDR, Ferreira MP, de Freitas O, de Macedo LD, de Oliveira HF, Ricz HMA, Motta ACF, Macedo AP, Tirapelli C, Pedrazzi V. Topical pilocarpine for xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy. Oral Dis. 2020 Apr 5. doi: 10.1111/odi.13343. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32248594.

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Ranjan S, S Chandra P, Prabhu S. Antidepressant-induced bruxism: need for buspirone? Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006 Aug;9(4):485-7. PubMed PMID: 16753073.

Riley P, Moore D, Ahmed F, Sharif MO, Worthington HV. Xylitol-containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Mar 26;(3):CD010743. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010743.pub2. PMID: 25809586.

Romanelli F, Adler DA, Bungay KM. Possible paroxetine-induced bruxism. Ann Pharmacother. 1996 Nov;30(11):1246-8. PubMed PMID: 8913405.

Sabuncuoglu O, Ekinci O, Berkem M. Fluoxetine-induced sleep bruxism in an adolescent treated with buspirone: a case report. Spec Care Dentist. 2009 Sep-Oct;29(5):215-7. PubMed PMID: 19740153.

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Stein DJ, Van Greunen G, Niehaus D. Can bruxism respond to serotonin reuptake inhibitors? J Clin Psychiatry. 1998 Mar;59(3):133. PubMed PMID: 9541159.

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Vila T, Rizk AM, Sultan AS, Jabra-Rizk MA. The power of saliva: Antimicrobial and beyond. PLoS Pathog. 2019 Nov 14;15(11):e1008058. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008058. PMID: 31725797; PMCID: PMC6855406.

Visvanathan V, Nix P. Managing the patient presenting with xerostomia: a review. Int J Clin Pract. 2010 Feb;64(3):404-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02132.x. Review. PubMed PMID: 19817913.

Watanabe M, Yamada C, Komagata Y, Kikuchi H, Hosono H, Itagaki F. New low-dose liquid pilocarpine formulation for treating dry mouth in Sjögren’s syndrome: clinical efficacy, symptom relief, and improvement in quality of life. J Pharm Health Care Sci. 2018 Mar 1;4:4. doi: 10.1186/s40780-018-0099-x. PMID: 29507747; PMCID: PMC5831212.

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Wise M. Citalopram-induced bruxism. Br J Psychiatry. 2001 Feb;178:182. PubMed PMID: 11157444.

Wiseman LR, Faulds D. Oral pilocarpine: a review of its pharmacological properties and clinical potential in xerostomia. Drugs. 1995 Jan;49(1):143-55. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199549010-00010. PMID: 7705213.

Yüce M, Karabekiroğlu K, Say GN, Müjdeci M, Oran M. Buspirone use in the treatment of atomoxetine-induced bruxism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013 Nov;23(9):634-5. PubMed PMID: 24206098; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3842865.

Zur E. Low-dose Pilocarpine Spray to Treat Xerostomia. Int J Pharm Compd. 2020 Mar-Apr;24(2):104-108. PMID: 32196472.

Chapter 14. Nervous system

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Adler LA, Rotrosen J, Edson R, Lavori P, Lohr J, Hitzemann R, Raisch D, Caligiuri M, Tracy K. Vitamin E treatment for tardive dyskinesia. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #394 Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Sep;56(9):836-41. PubMed PMID: 12892048.

Albayrak Y, Ekinci O. Duloxetine-associated tardive dyskinesia resolved with fluvoxamine: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Oct;32(5):723-4. PubMed PMID: 22926615.

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Amann B, Erfurth A, Grunze H. Treatment of tardive akathisia with clonidine: a case report. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999 Jun;2(2):151-153. PubMed PMID: 11281983.

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Chapter 15. Pregnancy and lactation

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Clark CT, Wisner KL. Treatment of Peripartum Bipolar Disorder. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018 Sep;45(3):403-417. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2018.05.002. PMID: 30092918; PMCID: PMC6548543.

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Cuomo A, Maina G, Neal SM, De Montis G, Rosso G, Scheggi S, Beccarini Crescenzi B, Bolognesi S, Goracci A, Coluccia A, Ferretti F, Fagiolini A. Using sertraline in postpartum and breastfeeding: balancing risks and benefits. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2018 Jul;17(7):719-725. doi: 10.1080/14740338.2018.1491546. Epub 2018 Jul 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 29927667.

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Chapter 16. Psychiatric side effects

Aşçibaşi K, Çökmüş FP, Dikici DS, Özkan HM, Alçi D, Altunsoy N, Kuru E, Yüzeren S, Aydemir Ö. Evaluation of Emotional Adverse Effects of Antidepressants: A Follow-up Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020 Nov/Dec;40(6):594-598. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001300. PMID: 33065720.

Al Awami R, Albanna A. Sedation After a Trial of Mixed Amphetamine Salts in a Boy with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Am J Case Rep. 2020 Dec 17;21:e928269. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.928269. PMID: 33328428; PMCID: PMC7750908.

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Baldessarini RJ, Faedda GL, Offidani E, Vázquez GH, Marangoni C, Serra G, Tondo L. Antidepressant-associated mood-switching and transition from unipolar major depression to bipolar disorder: a review. J Affect Disord. 2013 May 15;148(1):129-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.033. Epub 2012 Dec 6. PMID: 23219059.

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Barbuti M, Pacchiarotti I, Vieta E, Azorin JM, Angst J, Bowden CL, Mosolov S, Young AH, Perugi G; BRIDGE-II-Mix Study Group. Antidepressant-induced hypomania/mania in patients with major depression: Evidence from the BRIDGE-II-MIX study. J Affect Disord. 2017 Sep;219:187-192. PubMed PMID: 28558366.

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Brandt C, Fueratsch N, Boehme V, Kramme C, Pieridou M, Villagran A, Woermann F, Pohlmann-Eden B. Development of psychosis in patients with epilepsy treated with lamotrigine: report of six cases and review of the literature. Epilepsy Behav. 2007 Aug;11(1):133-9. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.03.015. Epub 2007 May 7. PMID: 17485241.

Camargos EF, Quintas JL. Apathy syndrome treated successfully with modafinil. BMJ Case Rep. 2011 Nov 15;2011:bcr0820114652. doi: 10.1136/bcr.08.2011.4652. PMID: 22674596; PMCID: PMC3229333.

Camino S, Strejilevich SA, Godoy A, Smith J, Szmulewicz A. Are all antidepressants the same? The consumer has a point. Psychol Med. 2022 Mar 29:1-8. doi: 10.1017/S0033291722000678. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35346413.

Chen B, Choi H, Hirsch LJ, Katz A, Legge A, Buchsbaum R, Detyniecki K. Psychiatric and behavioral side effects of antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Nov;76:24-31. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.08.039. Epub 2017 Sep 18. PMID: 28931473.

Christensen MC, Fagiolini A, Florea I, Loft H, Cuomo A, Goodwin GM. Validation of the Oxford Depression Questionnaire: Sensitivity to change, minimal clinically important difference, and response threshold for the assessment of emotional blunting. J Affect Disord. 2021 Nov 1;294:924-931. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.099. Epub 2021 Jul 31. PMID: 34378539.

Christensen MC, Ren H, Fagiolini A. Emotional blunting in patients with depression. Part I: clinical characteristics. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2022 Apr 4;21(1):10. doi: 10.1186/s12991-022-00387-1. PMID: 35379283; PMCID: PMC8981644.

Chun BJ, Dunner DL. A review of antidepressant-induced hypomania in major depression: suggestions for DSM-V. Bipolar Disord. 2004 Feb;6(1):32-42. doi: 10.1046/j.1399-5618.2003.00084.x. PMID: 14996139.

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Corruble E, de Bodinat C, Belaïdi C, Goodwin GM; agomelatine study group. Efficacy of agomelatine and escitalopram on depression, subjective sleep and emotional experiences in patients with major depressive disorder: a 24-wk randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013 Nov;16(10):2219-34. doi: 10.1017/S1461145713000679. Epub 2013 Jul 3. PMID: 23823799.

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Fagiolini A, Florea I, Loft H, Christensen MC. Effectiveness of Vortioxetine on Emotional Blunting in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder with inadequate response to SSRI/SNRI treatment. J Affect Disord. 2021 Mar 15;283:472-479. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.106. Epub 2020 Nov 19. PMID: 33516560. Not used on this page. Open-label study in which patients with partial response to an antidepressant were switched to vortioxetine.

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Furlan PM, Kallan MJ, Have TT, Lucki I, Katz I. SSRIs do not cause affective blunting in healthy elderly volunteers. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004 May-Jun;12(3):323-30. PMID: 15126234.

Garland EJ, Baerg EA. Amotivational syndrome associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2001 Summer;11(2):181-6. doi: 10.1089/104454601750284090. PMID: 11436958.

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Goldberg JF, Truman CJ. Antidepressant-induced mania: an overview of current controversies. Bipolar Disord. 2003 Dec;5(6):407-20. doi: 10.1046/j.1399-5618.2003.00067.x. PMID: 14636364.

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Ko DT, Hebert PR, Krumholz HM. Review: Beta-blockers increase fatigue and sexual dysfunction but not depression after myocardial infarction. ACP J Club. 2003 Jan-Feb;138(1):30; author reply 30. PMID: 12511138. Commentary on another article.

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Chapter 17. Skin

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Leinonen E, Skarstein J, Behnke K, Agren H, Helsdingen JT. Efficacy and tolerability of mirtazapine versus citalopram: a double-blind, randomized study in patients with major depressive disorder. Nordic Antidepressant Study Group. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 Nov;14(6):329-37. doi: 10.1097/00004850-199911000-00002. PMID: 10565799.

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Mago, R. Glycopyrrolate for Antidepressant-Associated Excessive Sweating. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33(2):279-280. PMID: 23422382.

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Mago R, Thase ME, Rovner BW. Antidepressant-Induced Excessive Sweating: Clinical Features and Treatment with Terazosin. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Aug;25(3):186-92. Epub 2013 May 1. PMID: 23638448.

McCreadie RG, Farmer JG. Lithium and hair texture. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1985 Oct;72(4):387-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb02626.x. PMID: 4072740.

McCreadie RG, Morrison DP. The impact of lithium in South-west Scotland. I. Demographic and clinical findings. Br J Psychiatry. 1985 Jan;146:70-4. doi: 10.1192/bjp.146.1.70. PMID: 3872149.

McKinney PA, Finkenbine RD, DeVane CL. Alopecia and mood stabilizer therapy. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1996 Sep;8(3):183-5. doi: 10.3109/10401239609147756. PMID: 8899137.

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Mortimer PS, Dawber RP. Hair loss and lithium. Int J Dermatol. 1984 Nov;23(9):603-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1984.tb05697.x. PMID: 6519870.

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Pandya KJ, Raubertas RF, Flynn PJ, Hynes HE, Rosenbluth RJ, Kirshner JJ, Pierce HI, Dragalin V, Morrow GR. Oral clonidine in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer experiencing tamoxifen-induced hot flashes: a University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program study. Ann Intern Med. 2000 May 16;132(10):788-93. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-132-10-200005160-00004. PMID: 10819701.

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Rambeck B, Wolf P. Lamotrigine clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1993 Dec;25(6):433-43. Review. PubMed PMID: 8119045.

Rao AV, Hariharasubramanian N, Sugumar A. A study of side effects of lithium. Indian J Psychiatry. 1983 Apr;25(2):87-93. PubMed PMID: 21847262; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3012347.

Remmer HI, Falk WE. Successful treatment of lithium-induced acne. J Clin Psychiatry. 1986 Jan;47(1):48. PubMed PMID: 2934379.

Sannicandro TJ, Farrar MC, Markowitz JS. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced rash: case report and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy. 2002 Apr;22(4):516-8. doi: 10.1592/phco.22.7.516.33666. PMID: 11939687.

Sarantidis D, Waters B. A review and controlled study of cutaneous conditions associated with lithium carbonate. Br J Psychiatry. 1983 Jul;143:42-50. PubMed PMID: 6224526.

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Tosi A, Misciali C, Piraccini BM, Peluso AM, Bardazzi F. Drug-induced hair loss and hair growth. Incidence, management and avoidance. Drug Saf. 1994 Apr;10(4):310-7. doi: 10.2165/00002018-199410040-00005. PMID: 8018303.

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Uehlinger C, Barrelet L, Touabi M, Baumann P. Alopecia and mood stabilizers: two case reports. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1992;242(2-3):85-8. doi: 10.1007/BF02191552. PMID: 1486112.

Vanderkooy JD, Kennedy SH, Bagby RM. Antidepressant side effects in depression patients treated in a naturalistic setting: a study of bupropion, moclobemide, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine. Can J Psychiatry. 2002 Mar;47(2):174-80. doi: 10.1177/070674370204700208. PMID: 11926080.

Varghese SP, Haith LR, Patton ML, Guilday RE, Ackerman BH. Lamotrigine-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis in three patients treated for bipolar disorder. Pharmacotherapy. 2006 May;26(5):699-704. PubMed PMID: 16718941.

Vestergaard P. Clinically important side effects of long-term lithium treatment: a review. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1983;305:1-36. PubMed PMID: 6224396.

Vignesh P, Kishore J, Kumar A, Vinay K, Dogra S, Sreedharanunni S, Prasun Giri P, Pal P, Ghosh A. A Young Child with Eosinophilia, Rash, and Multisystem Illness: Drug Rash, Eosinophilia, and Systemic Symptoms Syndrome After Receipt of Fluoxetine. Pediatr Dermatol. 2017 May;34(3):e120-e125. doi: 10.1111/pde.13131. PMID: 28523892.

Wagner KD, Teicher MH. Lithium and hair loss in childhood. Psychosomatics. 1991 Summer;32(3):355-6. doi: 10.1016/S0033-3182(91)72077-X. PMID: 1909035.

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Warnock CA, Azadian AG. Cross-sensitivity between paroxetine and sertraline. Ann Pharmacother. 2002 Apr;36(4):631-3. doi: 10.1345/aph.1A262. PMID: 11918512.

Warnock JK. Psychotropic medication and drug-related alopecia. Psychosomatics. 1991 Spring;32(2):149-52. doi: 10.1016/S0033-3182(91)72085-9. PMID: 2027936.

Yassa R. Hair loss during lithium therapy. Am J Psychiatry. 1986 Jul;143(7):943. doi: 10.1176/ajp.143.7.943a. PMID: 2872827.

Yassa R, Ananth J. Hair loss in the course of lithium treatment: a report of two cases. Can J Psychiatry. 1983 Mar;28(2):132-3. doi: 10.1177/070674378302800211. PMID: 6404546.

Yeung CK, Chan HH. Cutaneous adverse effects of lithium: epidemiology and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5(1):3-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 14979738.

Yilmaz Y, Tasdemir HA, Paksu MS. The influence of valproic acid treatment on hair and serum zinc levels and serum biotinidase activity. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2009 Sep;13(5):439-43. PubMed PMID: 18922714.

Yoder FW. Letter: Acneiform eruption due to lithium carbonate. Arch Dermatol. 1975 Mar;111(3):396-7. PubMed PMID: 123436.

Zubieta JK, Demitrack MA. Depression after cyproheptadine: MAO treatment. Biol Psychiatry. 1992 Jun 1;31(11):1177-8. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90169-z. PMID: 1525285.

Chapter 18. Sleep

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Nierenberg AA, Keck PE Jr. Management of monoamine oxidase inhibitor-associated insomnia with trazodone. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1989 Feb;9(1):42-5. PubMed PMID: 2708555.

Remick RA, Froese C, Keller FD. Common side effects associated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1989;13(3-4):497-504. PubMed PMID: 2748873.

Sokolski KN, Brown BJ. Quetiapine for insomnia associated with refractory depression exacerbated by phenelzine. Ann Pharmacother. 2006 Mar;40(3):567-70. Epub 2006 Feb 14. PubMed PMID: 16478812.

Chapter 19. Toxicity

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Arya DK. Lithium-induced neurotoxicity at serum lithium levels within the therapeutic range. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1996 Dec;30(6):871-3. doi: 10.3109/00048679609065059. PMID: 9034481.

Blix HS, Viktil KK, Moger TA, Reikvam A. Drugs with narrow therapeutic index as indicators in the risk management of hospitalised patients. Pharmacy Practice (Granada) 2010 Jan-Mar;8(1):50-55.

Dunne FJ. Lithium toxicity: the importance of clinical signs. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2010 Apr;71(4):206-10. doi: 10.12968/hmed.2010.71.4.47513. PMID: 20393430.

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Greenberg RG, Melloni C, Wu H, Gonzalez D, Ku L, Hill KD, Hornik CP, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Guptill JT. Therapeutic Index Estimation of Antiepileptic Drugs: A Systematic Literature Review Approach. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2016 Sep-Oct;39(5):232-40. doi: 10.1097/WNF.0000000000000172. PMID: 27428884; PMCID: PMC5026556.

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Levy G. What are narrow therapeutic index drugs? Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 May;63(5):501-5. doi: 10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90100-X. PMID: 9630822.

Mégarbane B, Hanak AS, Chevillard L. Lithium-related neurotoxicity despite serum concentrations in the therapeutic range: risk factors and diagnosis. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2014 Aug;26(4):243-4. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2014.04.009. PMID: 25317012; PMCID: PMC4194008.

Mignarri A, Chini E, Rufa A, Rocchi R, Federico A, Dotti MT. Lithium neurotoxicity mimicking rapidly progressive dementia. J Neurol. 2013 Apr;260(4):1152-4. doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6820-z. Epub 2013 Jan 11. PMID: 23306658.

Muller PY, Milton MN. The determination and interpretation of the therapeutic index in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2012 Oct;11(10):751-61. doi: 10.1038/nrd3801. Epub 2012 Aug 31. PMID: 22935759.

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Chapter 20. Urinary System

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Batlle DC, von Riotte AB, Gaviria M, Grupp M. Amelioration of polyuria by amiloride in patients receiving long-term lithium therapy. N Engl J Med. 1985;312(7):408-14.

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Corbin Bush N, Twombley K, Ahn J, Oliveira C, Arnold S, Maalouf NM, Sakhaee K. Prevalence and spot urine risk factors for renal stones in children taking topiramate. J Pediatr Urol. 2013 Dec;9(6 Pt A):884-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2012.12.005. Epub 2013 Feb 1. PubMed PMID: 23375465; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3644535.

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de Groot T, Sinke AP, Kortenoeven ML, Alsady M, Baumgarten R, Devuyst O, Loffing J, Wetzels JF, Deen PM. Acetazolamide Attenuates Lithium-Induced Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016 Jul;27(7):2082-91. PubMed PMID: 26574046; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4926986.

Demyttenaere K, Huygens R, Van Buggenhout R. Tamsulosin as an effective treatment for reboxetine-associated urinary hesitancy. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001 Nov;16(6):353-5. doi: 10.1097/00004850-200111000-00006. PMID: 11712624.

Demyttenaere K, Huygens R. Painful ejaculation and urinary hesitancy in association with antidepressant therapy: relief with tamsulosin. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002 Aug;12(4):337-41. doi: 10.1016/s0924-977x(02)00040-8. PMID: 12126873.

Desarkar P, Sinha VK. Acute urinary retention associated with atomoxetine use. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006 Oct;40(10):936. doi: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01914.x. PMID: 16959021.

Devuyst O. Physiopathology and diagnosis of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2012 Apr;73(2):128-9. PubMed PMID: 22503803.

Fenske W, Allolio B. Clinical review: Current state and future perspectives in the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus: a clinical review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Oct;97(10):3426-37. PubMed PMID: 22855338.

Finch CK, Kelley KW, Williams RB. Treatment of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus with amiloride. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23(4):546-50.

Gaitonde DY, Cook DL, Rivera IM. Chronic Kidney Disease: Detection and Evaluation. Am Fam Physician. 2017 Dec 15;96(12):776-783. PMID: 29431364.

Gandhi R, Narang P, Lippmann S. Urinary Hesitancy Associated With Atomoxetine. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2017 Sep 14;19(5):17l02095. doi: 10.4088/PCC.17l02095. PMID: 28930379.

Gitlin M. Lithium and the kidney: an updated review. Drug Saf. 1999;20(3):231-43.

Gordon CE, Vantzelfde S, Francis JM. Acetazolamide in Lithium-Induced Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. N Engl J Med. 2016 Nov 17;375(20):2008-2009. PubMed PMID: 27959610.

Greco FA, Simms NJ, Athappilly GK. Bethanechol as a Corrective for Urinary Retention Associated With Olanzapine Administration. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2019 Oct 31;21(5):19l02429. doi: 10.4088/PCC.19l02429. PMID: 31682336.

Jion YI, Raff A, Grosberg BM, Evans RW. The risk and management of kidney stones from the use of topiramate and zonisamide in migraine and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Headache. 2015 Jan;55(1):161-6. doi: 10.1111/head.12480. Epub 2014 Dec 9. Review. PubMed PMID: 25486999.

Kasper S, Wolf R. Successful treatment of reboxetine-induced urinary hesitancy with tamsulosin. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002 Apr;12(2):119-22. doi: 10.1016/s0924-977x(01)00144-4. PMID: 11872327.

Kasper S. Managing reboxetine-associated urinary hesitancy in a patient with major depressive disorder: a case study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002 Feb;159(4):445-6. doi: 10.1007/s00213-001-0971-4. Epub 2001 Dec 20. PMID: 11823898.

Khanna A. Acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Semin Nephrol. 2006 May;26(3):244-8. PubMed PMID: 16713497.

Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3:1-150. Available at https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/KDIGO_2012_CKD_GL.pdf. Last accessed on November 15, 2022.

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Kosten TR, Forrest JN. Treatment of severe lithium-induced polyuria with amiloride. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143(12):1563-8.

Leroy C, Karrouz W, Douillard C, Do Cao C, Cortet C, Wémeau JL, Vantyghem MC. Diabetes insipidus. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2013 Dec;74(5-6):496-507. PubMed PMID: 24286605.

Levey AS, Coresh J. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2012 Jan 14;379(9811):165-80. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60178-5. Epub 2011 Aug 15. PMID: 21840587.

Levey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J, El Nahas M, Astor BC, Matsushita K, Gansevoort RT, Kasiske BL, Eckardt KU. The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report. Kidney Int. 2011 Jul;80(1):17-28. doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.483. Epub 2010 Dec 8. Erratum in: Kidney Int. 2011 Nov;80(9):1000. Erratum in: Kidney Int. 2011 Nov 1;80(9):1000. PMID: 21150873.

Majzoub JA, Srivatsa A. Diabetes insipidus: clinical and basic aspects. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2006 Dec;4 Suppl 1:60-5. PubMed PMID: 17261971.

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Mutlu C, Yorbik O, Ipek H, Tanju IA. Acute Urinary Retention Associated with Increased Dose of Atomoxetine in a Child: A Case Report. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2015:25:3, 299-301, DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20140408015727. Not on PubMed.

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Smith LM, Gallagher JC. Reference range for 24-h urine calcium, calcium/creatinine ratio, and correlations with calcium absorption and serum vitamin D metabolites in normal women. Osteoporos Int. 2021 Mar;32(3):539-547. doi: 10.1007/s00198-020-05615-6. Epub 2020 Sep 4. PMID: 32886188; PMCID: PMC8451703.

Taheri M, Tavasoli S, Shokrzadeh F, Amiri FB, Basiri A. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on 24-hour urine calcium in patients with calcium Urolithiasis and vitamin D deficiency. Int Braz J Urol. 2019 Mar-Apr;45(2):340-346. doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2018.0522. PMID: 30735332; PMCID: PMC6541149.

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Tredget J, Kirov A, Kirov G. Effects of chronic lithium treatment on renal function. J Affect Disord. 2010 Nov;126(3):436-40. PubMed PMID: 20483164.

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Chapter 21. Weight

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Andrade C. Metformin as a Possible Intervention for Cardiometabolic Risks in Pediatric Subjects Exposed to Antipsychotic Drugs. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Oct;77(10):1362-1364. PubMed PMID: 27788311.

Andrade C. Use of Metformin for Cardiometabolic Risks in Psychiatric Practice: Need-to-Know Safety Issues. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Nov;77(11):e1491-e1494. PubMed PMID: 28076676.

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Bidlack JM, Knapp BI, Deaver DR, Plotnikava M, Arnelle D, Wonsey AM, Fern Toh M, Pin SS, Namchuk MN. In Vitro Pharmacological Characterization of Buprenorphine, Samidorphan, and Combinations Being Developed as an Adjunctive Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2018 Nov;367(2):267-281. doi: 10.1124/jpet.118.249839. Epub 2018 Aug 14. PMID: 30108159.

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Buchanan RW. How Much of an Advance Is the Addition of Samidorphan to Olanzapine? Am J Psychiatry. 2020 Dec 1;177(12):1113-1114. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20091425. PMID: 33256454.

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Bushe CJ, Slooff CJ, Haddad PM, Karagianis JL. Weight change from 3-year observational data: findings from the worldwide schizophrenia outpatient health outcomes database. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;73(6):e749-55. PubMed PMID: 22795214.

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Chen CH, Huang MC, Kao CF, Lin SK, Kuo PH, Chiu CC, Lu ML. Effects of adjunctive metformin on metabolic traits in nondiabetic clozapine-treated patients with schizophrenia and the effect of metformin discontinuation on body weight: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 May;74(5):e424-30. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12m08186. PubMed PMID: 23759461.

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Dhamane AD, Martin BC, Brixner DI, Hudson TJ, Said Q. Metabolic monitoring of patients prescribed second-generation antipsychotics. J Psychiatr Pract. 2013 Sep;19(5):360-74. PubMed PMID: 24042242. American Diabetes Association; American Psychiatric Association; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;65(2):267-72. PubMed PMID: 15003083.

Edwards JB, Satlin A, Durgam S, Davis RE, Chen R, Mates S, Correll CU. Cardiometabolic Safety of Lumateperone (ITI-007): Post Hoc Analyses of Short-Term Randomized Trials and an Open-Label Long-Term Study in Schizophrenia. CNS Spectr. 2021 Apr;26(2):152. doi: 10.1017/S1092852920002436. PMID: 34127092. Poster available at: https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/pcn/posters/cardiometabolic-safety-lumateperone-iti-007-post-hoc-analyses-short-term-randomized-trials. Accessed June 20, 2022.

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Gressier F, Porcelli S, Calati R, Serretti A. Pharmacogenetics of clozapine response and induced weight gain: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016 Feb;26(2):163-85. PubMed PMID: 26792444.

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Li X, Qie S, Wang X, Zheng Y, Liu Y, Liu G. The safety and efficacy of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2018 Dec;62(3):535-545. doi: 10.1007/s12020-018-1708-z. Epub 2018 Aug 12. PMID: 30101378.

Liu Q, Li S, Quan H, Li J. Vitamin B12 status in metformin treated patients: systematic review. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 24;9(6):e100379. PubMed PMID: 24959880; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4069007.

Lumateperone (Caplyta®) Prescribing Information

Lybalvi™ (olanzapine and samidorphan) P rescribing information

Ma X, Maimaitirexiati T, Zhang R, Gui X, Zhang W, Xu G, Hu G. HTR2C polymorphisms, olanzapine-induced weight gain and antipsychotic-induced metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients: a meta-analysis. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2014 Oct;18(4):229-42. PubMed PMID: 25152019.

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MacNeil RR, Müller DJ. Genetics of Common Antipsychotic-Induced Adverse Effects. Mol Neuropsychiatry. 2016 Jul;2(2):61-78. PubMed PMID: 27606321; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4996009.

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Mahapatra MK, Karuppasamy M, Sahoo BM. Therapeutic Potential of Semaglutide, a Newer GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, in Abating Obesity, Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Neurodegenerative diseases: A Narrative Review. Pharm Res. 2022 Jun;39(6):1233-1248. doi: 10.1007/s11095-022-03302-1. Epub 2022 Jun 1. PMID: 35650449; PMCID: PMC9159769.

Mahmood S, Booker I, Huang J, Coleman CI. Effect of topiramate on weight gain in patients receiving atypical antipsychotic agents. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Feb;33(1):90-4. Review. PubMed PMID: 23277264.

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Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz FG, Jódar E, Leiter LA, Lingvay I, Rosenstock J, Seufert J, Warren ML, Woo V, Hansen O, Holst AG, Pettersson J, Vilsbøll T; SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016 Nov 10;375(19):1834-1844. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141. Epub 2016 Sep 15. PMID: 27633186.

McDougle CJ. Atypical Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain in Children and Adolescents: Sometimes Less Is More. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Sep 1;73(9):899-901. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1213. PubMed PMID: 27556412. Editorial commenting on Anagnostou et al. (2016).

Miller DD, Ellingrod VL, Holman TL, Buckley PF, Arndt S. Clozapine-induced weight gain associated with the 5HT2C receptor -759C/T polymorphism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2005 Feb 5;133B(1):97-100. PubMed PMID: 15635667.

Mitchell AJ, Delaffon V, Vancampfort D, Correll CU, De Hert M. Guideline concordant monitoring of metabolic risk in people treated with antipsychotic medication: systematic review and meta-analysis of screening practices. Psychol Med. 2012 Jan;42(1):125-47. Review. PubMed PMID: 21846426.

Niafar M, Hai F, Porhomayon J, Nader ND. The role of metformin on vitamin B12 deficiency: a meta-analysis review. Intern Emerg Med. 2015 Feb;10(1):93-102. doi: 10.1007/s11739-014-1157-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 25502588.

O’Neil PM, Birkenfeld AL, McGowan B, Mosenzon O, Pedersen SD, Wharton S, Carson CG, Jepsen CH, Kabisch M, Wilding JPH. Efficacy and safety of semaglutide compared with liraglutide and placebo for weight loss in patients with obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active controlled, dose-ranging, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2018 Aug 25;392(10148):637-649. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31773-2. Epub 2018 Aug 16. PMID: 30122305.

Opgen-Rhein C, Brandl EJ, Müller DJ, Neuhaus AH, Tiwari AK, Sander T, Dettling M. Association of HTR2C, but not LEP or INSIG2, genes with antipsychotic-induced weight gain in a German sample. Pharmacogenomics. 2010 Jun;11(6):773-80. doi: 10.2217/pgs.10.50. PubMed PMID: 20504252.

Osborn DP, Petersen I, Beckley N, Walters K, Nazareth I, Hayes J. Weight change over two years in people prescribed olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone in UK primary care: Cohort study in THIN, a UK primary care database. J Psychopharmacol. 2018 Jun 1:269881118780011. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29938561.

Park YM, Cho JH, Kang SG, Choi JE, Lee SH, Kim L, Lee HJ. Lack of association between the -759C/T polymorphism of the 5-HT2C receptor gene and olanzapine-induced weight gain among Korean schizophrenic patients. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2008 Feb;33(1):55-60. PubMed PMID: 18211617.

Parry-Strong A, Langdana F, Haeusler S, Weatherall M, Krebs J. Sublingual vitamin B12 compared to intramuscular injection in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin: a randomised trial. N Z Med J. 2016 Jun 10;129(1436):67-75. PubMed PMID: 27355231.

Pathak S, Vince B, Kelsh D, Setnik B, Nangia N, DiPetrillo L, Puhl MD, Sun L, Stanford AD, Ehrich E. Abuse Potential of Samidorphan: A Phase I, Oxycodone-, Pentazocine-, Naltrexone-, and Placebo-Controlled Study. J Clin Pharmacol. 2019 Feb;59(2):218-228. doi: 10.1002/jcph.1343. Epub 2018 Nov 26. PMID: 30476361.

Patoulias D, Papadopoulos C, Kassimis G, Fragakis N, Doumas M. Meta-Analysis Assessing the Cardiovascular Safety of Semaglutide for the Treatment of Overweight or Obesity. Am J Cardiol. 2022 Jul 15;175:182-184. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.04.030. Epub 2022 May 19. PMID: 35599190.

Peter R, Bain SC. Safety of injectable semaglutide for type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2020 Jul;19(7):785-798. doi: 10.1080/14740338.2020.1772230. Epub 2020 Jun 4. PMID: 32428416.

Pringsheim T, Panagiotopoulos C, Davidson J, Ho J; CAMESA guideline group. Evidence-based recommendations for monitoring safety of second generation antipsychotics in children and youth. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011Aug;20(3):218-33. Erratum in: J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 August;20(3):1–2.. PubMed PMID: 21804853; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3143700.

Reeves GM, Keeton C, Correll CU, Johnson JL, Hamer RM, Sikich L, Hazzard L, Alderman C, Scheer A, Mabe M, Kapoor S, Sheridan E, Borner I, Bussell K, Pirmohamed S, Bethea TC, Chekuri R, Gottfried R, Reinblatt SP, Santana E, Riddle MA. Improving metabolic parameters of antipsychotic child treatment (IMPACT) study: rationale, design, and methods. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2013 Aug 15;7(1):31. doi: 10.1186/1753-2000-7-31. PubMed PMID: 23947389; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3846140. Results for this study have been posted at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT00806234

Reynolds GP, Hill MJ, Kirk SL. The 5-HT2C receptor and antipsychotic induced weight gain – mechanisms and genetics. J Psychopharmacol. 2006 Jul;20(4 Suppl):15-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 16785265.

Reynolds GP, Templeman LA, Zhang ZJ. The role of 5-HT2C receptor polymorphisms in the pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic drug treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jul;29(6):1021-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 15953671.

Reynolds GP, Zhang ZJ, Zhang XB. Association of antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain with a 5-HT2C receptor gene polymorphism. Lancet. 2002 Jun 15;359(9323):2086-7. PubMed PMID: 12086765.

Reynolds GP. Pharmacogenetic Aspects of Antipsychotic Drug-induced Weight Gain – A Critical Review. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2012 Aug;10(2):71-7. PubMed PMID: 23431082; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3569150.

Ryu S, Cho EY, Park T, Oh S, Jang WS, Kim SK, Lee D, Hong KS. -759 C/T polymorphism of 5-HT2C receptor gene and early phase weight gain associated with antipsychotic drug treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Apr 13;31(3):673-7. Epub 2007 Jan 12. PubMed PMID: 17275977.

Salviato Balbão M, Cecílio Hallak JE, Arcoverde Nunes E, Homem de Mello M, Triffoni-Melo Ade T, Ferreira FI, Chaves C, Durão AM, Ramos AP, de Souza Crippa JA, Queiroz RH. Olanzapine, weight change and metabolic effects: a naturalistic 12-month follow up. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2014 Feb;4(1):30-6. PubMed PMID: 24490028; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3896133.

Scheen AJ. Add-on value of tirzepatide versus semaglutide. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022 Jun;10(6):377-378. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00116-4. Epub 2022 Apr 22. PMID: 35468323.

Schulz C, Haight RJ. Safety of olanzapine use in adolescents. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2013 Sep;12(5):777-82. Review. PubMed PMID: 23876012.

Shams TA, Müller DJ. Antipsychotic induced weight gain: genetics, epigenetics, and biomarkers reviewed. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014 Oct;16(10):473. PubMed PMID: 25138234.

Shetty R, Basheer FT, Poojari PG, Thunga G, Chandran VP, Acharya LD. Adverse drug reactions of GLP-1 agonists: A systematic review of case reports. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2022 Mar;16(3):102427. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102427. Epub 2022 Feb 12. PMID: 35217468.

Sicard MN, Zai CC, Tiwari AK, Souza RP, Meltzer HY, Lieberman JA, Kennedy JL, Müller DJ. Polymorphisms of the HTR2C gene and antipsychotic-induced weight gain: an update and meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics. 2010 Nov;11(11):1561-71. doi: 10.2217/pgs.10.123. PubMed PMID: 21121776.

Siskind DJ, Leung J, Russell AW, Wysoczanski D, Kisely S. Metformin for Clozapine Associated Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Jun 15;11(6):e0156208. PubMed PMID: 27304831; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4909277.

Smits MM, Van Raalte DH. Safety of Semaglutide. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Jul 7;12:645563. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.645563. Erratum in: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Nov 10;12:786732. PMID: 34305810; PMCID: PMC8294388.

Song L, Maalouf NM. 24-Hour Urine Calcium in the Evaluation and Management of Nephrolithiasis. JAMA. 2017 Aug 1;318(5):474-475. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.7085. PMID: 28763529.

Syed YY. Tirzepatide: First Approval. Drugs. 2022 Jul 13. doi: 10.1007/s40265-022-01746-8. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35830001.

Taha MB, Yahya T, Satish P, Laird R, Agatston AS, Cainzos-Achirica M, Patel KV, Nasir K. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists: A Medication for Obesity Management. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2022 May 28. doi: 10.1007/s11883-022-01041-7. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35624390.

Taylor PN, Davies JS. A review of the growing risk of vitamin D toxicity from inappropriate practice. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Jun;84(6):1121-1127. doi: 10.1111/bcp.13573. Epub 2018 Apr 16. PMID: 29498758; PMCID: PMC5980613.

Tecott LH, Sun LM, Akana SF, Strack AM, Lowenstein DH, Dallman MF, Julius D. Eating disorder and epilepsy in mice lacking 5-HT2c serotonin receptors. Nature. 1995 Apr 6;374(6522):542-6. PubMed PMID: 7700379.

Templeman LA, Reynolds GP, Arranz B, San L. Polymorphisms of the 5-HT2C receptor and leptin genes are associated with antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain in Caucasian subjects with a first-episode psychosis. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005 Apr;15(4):195-200. PubMed PMID: 15864111.

Theisen FM, Hinney A, Brömel T, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Martin M, Krieg JC, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J. Lack of association between the -759C/T polymorphism of the 5-HT2C receptor gene and clozapine-induced weight gain among German schizophrenic individuals. Psychiatr Genet. 2004 Sep;14(3):139-42. PubMed PMID: 15318026.

Topamax Prescribing Information. Available at: http://www.janssenlabels.com/package-insert/product-monograph/prescribing-information/TOPAMAX-pi.pdf

Toplak H, Hamann A, Moore R, Masson E, Gorska M, Vercruysse F, Sun X, Fitchet M. Efficacy and safety of topiramate in combination with metformin in the treatment of obese subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Jan;31(1):138-46. PubMed PMID: 16703004.

Tu TH, Huang KL, Bai YM, Hsu JW, Su TP, Li CT, Tsai SJ, Lin WC, Chen TJ, Chen MH. Exposure to Second-Generation Antipsychotics and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Nationwide Study in Taiwan. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019 Mar 5;80(2):18m12284. doi: 10.4088/JCP.18m12284. PMID: 30840789.

Ujike H, Nomura A, Morita Y, Morio A, Okahisa Y, Kotaka T, Kodama M, Ishihara T, Kuroda S. Multiple genetic factors in olanzapine-induced weight gain in schizophrenia patients: a cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Sep;69(9):1416-22. PubMed PMID: 19193342.

Ulcickas Yood M, Delorenze GN, Quesenberry CP Jr, Oliveria SA, Tsai AL, Kim E, Cziraky MJ, McQuade RD, Newcomer JW, L’italien GJ. Association between second-generation antipsychotics and newly diagnosed treated diabetes mellitus: does the effect differ by dose? BMC Psychiatry. 2011 Dec 15;11:197. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-197. PMID: 22171594; PMCID: PMC3264670.

US Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Caughey AB, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Epling JW Jr, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kubik M, Landefeld S, Mangione CM, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW. Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2018 Apr 17;319(15):1592-1599. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.3185. PMID: 29677309.

Vahle JL, Byrd RA, Blackbourne JL, Martin JA, Sorden SD, Ryan T, Pienkowski T, Wijsman JA, Smith HW, Rosol TJ. Effects of Dulaglutide on Thyroid C Cells and Serum Calcitonin in Male Monkeys. Endocrinology. 2015 Jul;156(7):2409-16. doi: 10.1210/en.2014-1717. Epub 2015 Apr 10. PMID: 25860028.

Wegovy™ Prescribing Information

Weissman E, Jackson C, Schooler N, Goetz R, Essock S. Monitoring metabolic side effects when initiating treatment with second-generation antipsychotic medication. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2012 Jan;5(4):201-7. PubMed PMID: 22182457.

Wentland MP, Lou R, Lu Q, Bu Y, Denhardt C, Jin J, Ganorkar R, VanAlstine MA, Guo C, Cohen DJ, Bidlack JM. Syntheses of novel high affinity ligands for opioid receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Apr 15;19(8):2289-94. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.078. Epub 2009 Feb 25. PMID: 19282177; PMCID: PMC2791460.

Wentland MP, Lou R, Lu Q, Bu Y, VanAlstine MA, Cohen DJ, Bidlack JM. Syntheses and opioid receptor binding properties of carboxamido-substituted opioids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Jan 1;19(1):203-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.134. Epub 2008 Nov 7. PMID: 19027293.

Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Lingvay I, McGowan BM, Rosenstock J, Tran MTD, Wadden TA, Wharton S, Yokote K, Zeuthen N, Kushner RF; STEP 1 Study Group. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021 Mar 18;384(11):989-1002. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183. Epub 2021 Feb 10. PMID: 33567185.

Wink LK, Adams R, Pedapati EV, Dominick KC, Fox E, Buck C, Erickson CA. Brief Report: Metformin for Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2017 Jul;47(7):2290-2294. doi: 10.1007/s10803-017-3132-2. PubMed PMID: 28447303. Naturalistic study.

Wu H, Siafis S, Hamza T, Schneider-Thoma J, Davis JM, Salanti G, Leucht S. Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain: Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Schizophr Bull. 2022 May 7;48(3):643-654. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbac001. PMID: 35137229; PMCID: PMC9077426.

Xia L, Li WZ, Liu HZ, Hao R, Zhang XY. Olanzapine Versus Risperidone in Children and Adolescents with Psychosis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2018 May;28(4):244-251. PubMed PMID: 29356569; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5952347.

Xia L, Shen T, Dong W, Su F, Wang J, Wang Q, Niu S, Fang Y. Comparative efficacy and safety of 8 GLP-1RAs in patients with type 2 diabetes: A network meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021 Jul;177:108904. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108904. Epub 2021 Jun 6. PMID: 34102249.

Xiao Y, Sun L. Semaglutide in weight management. Lancet. 2019 Oct 5;394(10205):1226. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)33195-7. PMID: 31591979.

Yoshida K, Takeuchi H. Dose-dependent effects of antipsychotics on efficacy and adverse effects in schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res. 2021 Mar 26;402:113098. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113098. Epub 2021 Jan 5. PMID: 33417992.

Zhang JP, Lencz T, Zhang RX, Nitta M, Maayan L, John M, Robinson DG, Fleischhacker WW, Kahn RS, Ophoff RA, Kane JM, Malhotra AK, Correll CU. Pharmacogenetic Associations of Antipsychotic Drug-Related Weight Gain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2016 Nov;42(6):1418-1437. PubMed PMID: 27217270; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5049532.

Zheng W, Li XB, Tang YL, Xiang YQ, Wang CY, de Leon J. Metformin for Weight Gain and Metabolic Abnormalities Associated With Antipsychotic Treatment: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015 Oct;35(5):499-509. PubMed PMID: 26280837.

Zhou Y, Chen M, Liu L, Chen Z. Difference in Gastrointestinal Risk Associated with Use of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Real-World Pharmacovigilance Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2022 Jan 13;15:155-163. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S348025. PMID: 35046686; PMCID: PMC8763271.

Chapter 22. Other side effects

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