Side effects: References - Simple and Practical Mental Health

This page contains references for each chapter of my book Side Effects of Psychiatric Medications: Prevention, Assessment, and Management (Second edition).

Chapter 1. General principles

Bull SA, Hu XH, Hunkeler EM, et al. Discontinuation of use and switching of antidepressants: influence of patient-physician communication. JAMA. 2002;288(11):1403-1409. PMID: 12234237.

Hu XH, Bull SA, Hunkeler EM, Ming E, Lee JY, Fireman B, Markson LE. Incidence and duration of side effects and those rated as bothersome with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment for depression: patient report versus physician estimate. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(7):959-965. PMID:15291685.

Chapter 2. Anticholinergic side effects

Arnold SE, Kahn RJ, Faldetta LL, Laing RA, McNair DM. Tricyclic antidepressants and peripheral anticholinergic activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1981;74(4):325-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00432740. PMID: 6794075.

Barton C, Sklenicka J, Sayegh P, Yaffe K. Contraindicated medication use among patients in a memory disorders clinic. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2008 Aug;6(3):147-52. PubMed PMID: 18775389.

Boustani MA, Campbell NL, Munger S, Maidment I, Fox GC. Impact of anticholinergics on the aging brain: a review and practical application. Aging Health. 2008;4(3):311-320.

Broderick ED, Metheny H, Crosby B. Anticholinergic Toxicity. 2020 Nov 23. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan–. PMID: 30521219.

Chew ML, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Lehman ME, Greenspan A, Mahmoud RA, Kirshner MA, Sorisio DA, Bies RR, Gharabawi G. Anticholinergic activity of 107 medications commonly used by older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Jul;56(7):1333-41. PubMed PMID: 18510583.

Das S, Chatterjee SS, Malathesh BC. Anticholinergic medications even in therapeutic range can cause recurrence of psychosis. Gen Psychiatr. 2020 Jul 19;33(4):e100235. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100235. PMID: 32783023; PMCID: PMC7371018.

Durán CE, Azermai M, Vander Stichele RH. Systematic review of anticholinergic risk scales in older adults. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Jul;69(7):1485-96. PubMed PMID: 23529548.

Feighner J, Hendrickson G, Miller L, Stern W. Double-blind comparison of doxepin versus bupropion in outpatients with a major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1986 Feb;6(1):27-32. PMID: 3081600.

Goforth HW. Low-dose doxepin for the treatment of insomnia: emerging data. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009 Jul;10(10):1649-55. doi: 10.1517/14656560903005587. PMID: 19496739.

Kachru N, Carnahan RM, Johnson ML, Aparasu RR. Potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medication use in older adults with dementia. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2015 Nov-Dec;55(6):603-12. doi: 10.1331/JAPhA.2015.14288. PubMed PMID: 26501745.

Kachru N, Carnahan RM, Johnson ML, Aparasu RR. Potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medication use in community-dwelling older adults: a national cross-sectional study. Drugs Aging. 2015 May;32(5):379-89. PubMed PMID: 25832970.

Krystal AD, Durrence HH, Scharf M, Jochelson P, Rogowski R, Ludington E, Roth T. Efficacy and Safety of Doxepin 1 mg and 3 mg in a 12-week Sleep Laboratory and Outpatient Trial of Elderly Subjects with Chronic Primary Insomnia. Sleep. 2010 Nov;33(11):1553-61. doi: 10.1093/sleep/33.11.1553. PMID: 21102997; PMCID: PMC2954705.

Krystal AD, Lankford A, Durrence HH, Ludington E, Jochelson P, Rogowski R, Roth T. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 3 and 6 mg in a 35-day sleep laboratory trial in adults with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep. 2011 Oct 1;34(10):1433-42. doi: 10.5665/SLEEP.1294. PMID: 21966075; PMCID: PMC3174845.

Lankford A, Rogowski R, Essink B, Ludington E, Heith Durrence H, Roth T. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 6 mg in a four-week outpatient trial of elderly adults with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep Med. 2012 Feb;13(2):133-8. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2011.09.006. Epub 2011 Dec 24. PMID: 22197474.

Mago R. Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Medications: A Call to Action. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016 Sep;39(3):361-73. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2016.04.005. PMID: 27514294.

Mate KE, Kerr KP, Pond D, Williams EJ, Marley J, Disler P, Brodaty H, Magin PJ. Impact of multiple low-level anticholinergic medications on anticholinergic load of community-dwelling elderly with and without dementia. Drugs Aging. 2015 Feb;32(2):159-67. doi: 10.1007/s40266-014-0230-0. PubMed PMID: 25566958.

Ramjan KA, Williams AJ, Isbister GK, Elliott EJ. ‘Red as a beet and blind as a bat’ Anticholinergic delirium in adolescents: lessons for the paediatrician. J Paediatr Child Health. 2007 Nov;43(11):779-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01220.x. PMID: 17924941.

Richey SM, Krystal AD. Pharmacological advances in the treatment of insomnia. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(15):1471-5. doi: 10.2174/138161211796197052. PMID: 21476952.

Roth T, Rogowski R, Hull S, Schwartz H, Koshorek G, Corser B, Seiden D, Lankford A. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 1 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg in adults with primary insomnia. Sleep. 2007 Nov;30(11):1555-61. doi: 10.1093/sleep/30.11.1555. PMID: 18041488; PMCID: PMC2082089.

Rudolph JL, Salow MJ, Angelini MC, McGlinchey RE. The anticholinergic risk scale and anticholinergic adverse effects in older persons. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Mar 10;168(5):508-13. PubMed PMID: 18332297.

Salahudeen MS, Hilmer SN, Nishtala PS. Comparison of anticholinergic risk scales and associations with adverse health outcomes in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Jan;63(1):85-90. PubMed PMID: 25597560.

Scharf M, Rogowski R, Hull S, Cohn M, Mayleben D, Feldman N, Ereshefsky L, Lankford A, Roth T. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 1 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg in elderly patients with primary insomnia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Oct;69(10):1557-64. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v69n1005. Epub 2008 Oct 7. PMID: 19192438.

Wang GS, Baker K, Ng P, Janis GC, Leonard J, Mistry RD, Heard K. A randomized trial comparing physostigmine vs lorazepam for treatment of antimuscarinic (anticholinergic) toxidrome. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2020 Dec 9:1-13. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1854281. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33295809.

Chapter 3. Cardiovascular System

Al Aboud A, Abrams M, Mancini AJ. Blue toes after stimulant therapy for pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011 Jun;64(6):1218-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.11.010. PubMed PMID: 21571204.

Alawami M, Wasywich C, Cicovic A, Kenedi C. A systematic review of clozapine induced cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2014 Sep 20;176(2):315-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 25131906.

Andrade C, Sandarsh S, Chethan KB, Nagesh KS. Serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and abnormal bleeding: a review for clinicians and a reconsideration of mechanisms. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;71(12):1565-75. doi: 10.4088/JCP.09r05786blu. Review. PubMed PMID: 21190637.

Bak S, Tsiropoulos I, Kjaersgaard JO, Andersen M, Mellerup E, Hallas J, García Rodríguez LA, Christensen K, Gaist D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of stroke: a population-based case-control study. Stroke. 2002 Jun;33(6):1465-73. PubMed PMID: 12052976.

Bayram Ö, Hergüner S. OROS-Methylphenidate-Induced Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Dose-Related Side Effect. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015 Aug;25(6):521-2. doi: 10.1089/cap.2015.0033. Epub 2015 Jul 29. PMID: 26222712.

Belch J, Carlizza A, Carpentier PH, Constans J, Khan F, Wautrecht JC, Visona A, Heiss C, Brodeman M, Pécsvárady Z, Roztocil K, Colgan MP, Vasic D, Gottsäter A, Amann-Vesti B, Chraim A, Poredoš P, Olinic DM, Madaric J, Nikol S, Herrick AL, Sprynger M, Klein-Weigel P, Hafner F, Staub D, Zeman Z. ESVM guidelines – the diagnosis and management of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Vasa. 2017 Oct;46(6):413-423. doi: 10.1024/0301-1526/a000661. Epub 2017 Sep 12. PMID: 28895508.

Bell C, Coupland N, Creamer P. Digital infarction in a patient with Raynaud’s phenomenon associated with treatment with a specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor. A case report. Angiology. 1996 Sep;47(9):901-3. doi: 10.1177/000331979604700909. PMID: 8810657.

Bertoli R, Girardin F, Russmann S, Lauterburg BH. Raynaud’s phenomenon induced by drugs acting on neurotransmission: two cases under reboxetine and one under tegaserod. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Feb;58(10):717. doi: 10.1007/s00228-002-0552-4. Epub 2003 Jan 29. PMID: 12610751.

Bilici M, Ozturk C, Dursun H, Albayrak F, Saglam MB, Uyanik A, Gulaboglu M, Tekin SB. Protective effect of mirtazapine on indomethacin-induced ulcer in rats and its relationship with oxidant and antioxidant parameters. Dig Dis Sci. 2009 Sep;54(9):1868-75. doi: 10.1007/s10620-008-0560-z. Epub 2008 Nov 26. PubMed PMID: 19034656.

Bixby AL, VandenBerg A, Bostwick JR. Clinical Management of Bleeding Risk With Antidepressants. Ann Pharmacother. 2019 Feb;53(2):186-194. doi: 10.1177/1060028018794005. Epub 2018 Aug 6. PubMed PMID: 30081645.

Bourgade B, Jonville-Béra AP, Le Garé C, Ferquel D, Autret-Leca E. Raynaud’s syndrome in a patient treated with milnacipran. Ann Pharmacother. 1999 Sep;33(9):1009-10. doi: 10.1345/aph.18402. PMID: 10492510.

Bouvette CM, McPhee BR, Opfer-Gehrking TL, Low PA. Role of physical countermaneuvers in the management of orthostatic hypotension: efficacy and biofeedback augmentation. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996 Sep;71(9):847-53. PubMed PMID: 8790259.

Bucht G, Smigan L, Wahlin A, Eriksson P. ECG changes during lithium therapy. A prospective study. Acta Med Scand. 1984;216(1):101-4. PubMed PMID: 6485871.

Chengappa KN, Parepally H, Brar JS, Mullen J, Shilling A, Goldstein JM. A random-assignment, double-blind, clinical trial of once- vs twice-daily administration of quetiapine fumarate in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a pilot study. Can J Psychiatry. 2003 Apr;48(3):187-94. PubMed PMID: 12728743.

Citrome L, McEvoy JP, Saklad SR. Guide to the Management of Clozapine-Related Tolerability and Safety Concerns. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. Fall 2016;10(3):163-177. Review. PubMed PMID: 27732102.

Coleiro B, Marshall SE, Denton CP, Howell K, Blann A, Welsh KI, Black CM. Treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001 Sep;40(9):1038-43. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/40.9.1038. PMID: 11561116.

Cook SC, Ferguson BA, Cotes RO, Heinrich TW, Schwartz AC. Clozapine-Induced Myocarditis: Prevention and Considerations in Rechallenge. Psychosomatics. 2015 Nov-Dec;56(6):685-90. PubMed PMID: 26602627.

Coulombe J, Powell J, Hatami A, McCuaig C, Renet S, Marcoux D. Diseases of abnormal sensitivity to cold in children on psychostimulant drugs. J Cutan Med Surg. 2015 Mar-Apr;19(2):121-4. doi: 10.2310/7750.2014.14052. Epub 2015 Mar 11. PMID: 25775630.

Curto M, Girardi N, Lionetto L, Ciavarella GM, Ferracuti S, Baldessarini RJ. Systematic Review of Clozapine Cardiotoxicity. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016 Jul;18(7):68. Review. PubMed PMID: 27222142.

Dalton SO, Johansen C, Mellemkjaer L, Nørgård B, Sørensen HT, Olsen JH. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Jan 13;163(1):59-64. PubMed PMID: 12523917.

de Abajo FJ, García-Rodríguez LA. Risk of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine therapy: interaction with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and effect of acid-suppressing agents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008 Jul;65(7):795-803. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.65.7.795. PubMed PMID: 18606952.

de Abajo FJ, Jick H, Derby L, Jick S, Schmitz S. Intracranial haemorrhage and use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Jul;50(1):43-7. PubMed PMID: 10886117.

De Berardis D, Serroni N, Campanella D, Olivieri L, Ferri F, Carano A, Cavuto M, Martinotti G, Cicconetti A, Piersanti M, Saverio Moschetta F, Di Giannantonio M. Update on the adverse effects of clozapine: focus on myocarditis. Curr Drug Saf. 2012 Feb;7(1):55-62. Review. PubMed PMID: 22663959.

de Bruïne ES, Reijnierse EM, Trappenburg MC, Pasma JH, de Vries OJ, Meskers CG, Maier AB. Standing Up Slowly Antagonises Initial Blood Pressure Decrease in Older Adults with Orthostatic Hypotension. Gerontology. 2016 Oct 19. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 27756060.

De Fazio P, Gaetano R, Caroleo M, Cerminara G, Maida F, Bruno A, Muscatello MR, Moreno MJ, Russo E, Segura-García C. Rare and very rare adverse effects of clozapine. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015 Aug 6;11:1995-2003. Review. PubMed PMID: 26273202; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4532211.

Douglas I, Smeeth L, Irvine D. The use of antidepressants and the risk of haemorrhagic stroke: a nested case control study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Jan;71(1):116-20. PubMed PMID: 21143507.

Dursun H, Bilici M, Albayrak F, Ozturk C, Saglam MB, Alp HH, Suleyman H. Antiulcer activity of fluvoxamine in rats and its effect on oxidant and antioxidant parameters in stomach tissue. BMC Gastroenterol. 2009 May 20;9:36. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-9-36. PubMed PMID: 19457229; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2693117.

European Medicines Agency statement (accessed March 5, 2016). http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Press_release/2015/02/WC500182462.pdf

Fanciulli A, Goebel G, Metzler B, Sprenger F, Poewe W, Wenning GK, Seppi K. Elastic Abdominal Binders Attenuate Orthostatic Hypotension in Parkinson’s Disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2015 Nov 27;3(2):156-160. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.12270. eCollection 2016 Mar-Apr. PubMed PMID: 30363559; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6178725.

FDA Drug Safety Communication. Abnormal heart rhythms associated with high doses of Celexa (citalopram hydrobromide). 2011. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm269086.htm

FDA Drug Safety Communication: Revised recommendations for Celexa (citalopram hydrobromide) related to a potential risk of abnormal heart rhythms with high doses. 2012. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm297391.htm

Figueroa JJ, Basford JR, Low PA. Preventing and treating orthostatic hypotension: As easy as A, B, C. Cleve Clin J Med. 2010 May;77(5):298-306. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.77a.09118. Review. PubMed PMID: 20439562; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2888469.

Figueroa JJ, Singer W, Sandroni P, Sletten DM, Gehrking TL, Gehrking JA, Low P, Basford JR. Effects of patient-controlled abdominal compression on standing systolic blood pressure in adults with orthostatic hypotension. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015 Mar;96(3):505-10. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.10.012. Epub 2014 Nov 6. PubMed PMID: 25448247; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4339489.

Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, Benditt DG, Benarroch E, Biaggioni I, Cheshire WP, Chelimsky T, Cortelli P, Gibbons CH, Goldstein DS, Hainsworth R, Hilz MJ, Jacob G, Kaufmann H, Jordan J, Lipsitz LA, Levine BD, Low PA, Mathias C, Raj SR, Robertson D, Sandroni P, Schatz I, Schondorff R, Stewart JM, van Dijk JG. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-72. PubMed PMID: 21431947.

Freudenreich O. Clozapine-induced myocarditis: prescribe safely but do prescribe. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 Oct;132(4):240-1. PubMed PMID: 25865876.

Georgotas A, McCue RE, Friedman E, Cooper TB. A placebo-controlled comparison of the effect of nortriptyline and phenelzine on orthostatic hypotension in elderly depressed patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1987 Dec;7(6):413-6. PubMed PMID: 3323263.

Gibbons CH, Schmidt P, Biaggioni I, Frazier-Mills C, Freeman R, Isaacson S, Karabin B, Kuritzky L, Lew M, Low P, Mehdirad A, Raj SR, Vernino S, Kaufmann H. The recommendations of a consensus panel for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and associated supine hypertension. J Neurol. 2017 Aug;264(8):1567-1582. doi: 10.1007/s00415-016-8375-x. Epub 2017 Jan 3. Review. PubMed PMID: 28050656; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5533816.

Gnanavel S. Lisdexamfetamine and Secondary Raynaud’s Phenomenon. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2018 Sep 13;20(5):17l02240. doi: 10.4088/PCC.17l02240. PMID: 30256542.

Gökçen C, Kutuk MO, Coşkun Ş. Dose-dependent Raynaud’s phenomenon developing from use of atomoxetine in a girl. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013 Aug;23(6):428-30. doi: 10.1089/cap.2012.0131. PMID: 23952193.

Goldman W, Seltzer R, Reuman P. Association between treatment with central nervous system stimulants and Raynaud’s syndrome in children: a retrospective case-control study of rheumatology patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Feb;58(2):563-6. doi: 10.1002/art.23301. PMID: 18240233.

Goldsmith DR, Cotes RO. An Unmet Need: A Clozapine-Induced Myocarditis Screening Protocol. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2017 Aug 3;19(4). pii: 16l02083. PubMed PMID: 28796942.

Goodison G, Siskind D, Harcourt-Rigg C, Hipgrave W, Burrage M, Kiff S, Wallace M. Clarifying the diagnosis of myocarditis in a patient on clozapine. Australas Psychiatry. 2015 Jun;23(3):311-3. PubMed PMID: 26014630.

Goodwin GM, Haddad PM, Ferrier IN, Aronson JK, Barnes T, Cipriani A, Coghill DR, Fazel S, Geddes JR, Grunze H, Holmes EA, Howes O, Hudson S, Hunt N, Jones I, Macmillan IC, McAllister-Williams H, Miklowitz DR, Morriss R, Munafò M, Paton C, Saharkian BJ, Saunders K, Sinclair J, Taylor D, Vieta E, Young AH. Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: Revised third edition recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2016 Jun;30(6):495-553. doi: 10.1177/0269881116636545. Epub 2016 Mar 15. PubMed PMID: 26979387; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4922419.

Gorelik O, Fishlev G, Almoznino-Sarafian D, Alon I, Weissgarten J, Shteinshnaider M, Chachashvily S, Modai D, Cohen N. Lower limb compression bandaging is effective in preventing signs and symptoms of seating-induced postural hypotension. Cardiology. 2004;102(4):177-83. Epub 2004 Sep 22. PubMed PMID: 15452389.

Gorelik O, Shteinshnaider M, Tzur I, Feldman L, Cohen N, Almoznino-Sarafian D. Factors associated with prevention of postural hypotension by leg compression bandaging. Blood Press. 2014 Aug;23(4):248-54. doi: 10.3109/08037051.2013.871787. Epub 2014 Jan 26. PubMed PMID: 24460143.

Gurkan S, Liu F, Chain A, Gutstein DE. A Study to Assess the Proarrhythmic Potential of Mirtazapine Using Concentration-QTc (C-QTc) Analysis. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2018 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30052325.

Hackam DG, Mrkobrada M. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and brain hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 2012 Oct 30;79(18):1862-5. PubMed PMID: 23077009.

Hajjar I. Postural blood pressure changes and orthostatic hypotension in the elderly patient: impact of antihypertensive medications. Drugs Aging. 2005;22(1):55-68. Review. PubMed PMID: 15663349.

Halperin D, Reber G. Influence of antidepressants on hemostasis. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2007;9(1):47-59. Review. PubMed PMID: 17506225; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3181838.

Harrigan EP, Miceli JJ, Anziano R, Watsky E, Reeves KR, Cutler NR, Sramek J, Shiovitz T, Middle M. A randomized evaluation of the effects of six antipsychotic agents on QTc, in the absence and presence of metabolic inhibition. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 Feb;24(1):62-9. PubMed PMID: 14709949.

Hasnain M, Vieweg WV. QTc interval prolongation and torsade de pointes associated with second-generation antipsychotics and antidepressants: a comprehensive review. CNS Drugs. 2014 Oct;28(10):887-920. Review. PubMed PMID: 25168784.

Hatton JL, Bhat PK, Gandhi S. Clozapine-induced myocarditis: recognizing a potentially fatal adverse reaction. Tex Heart Inst J. 2015 Apr 1;42(2):155-7. PubMed PMID: 25873829; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4382884.

Hergovich N, Aigner M, Eichler HG, Entlicher J, Drucker C, Jilma B. Paroxetine decreases platelet serotonin storage and platelet function in human beings. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Oct;68(4):435-42. PubMed PMID: 11061584.

Hiitola P, Enlund H, Kettunen R, Sulkava R, Hartikainen S. Postural changes in blood pressure and the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension among home-dwelling elderly aged 75 years or older. J Hum Hypertens. 2009 Jan;23(1):33-9. PubMed PMID: 18650837.

Hsu CH, Liu PY, Chen JH, Yeh TL, Tsai HY, Lin LJ. Electrocardiographic abnormalities as predictors for over-range lithium levels. Cardiology. 2005;103(2):101-6. Epub 2004 Nov 30. PubMed PMID: 15591709.

Iglesias Otero M, Portela Romero M, Bugarín González R, Ventura Victoria MA. Metilfenidato y fenómeno de Raynaud secundario [Methylphenidate and secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon]. Semergen. 2013 Sep;39(6):330-4. Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.semerg.2012.07.011. Epub 2012 Nov 4. PMID: 24034762. Article in Spanish; only the Abstract was reviewed by me.

Jasiak NM, Bostwick JR. Risk of QT/QTc prolongation among newer non-SSRI antidepressants. Ann Pharmacother. 2014 Dec;48(12):1620-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 25204465.

Jeong BO, Kim SW, Kim SY, Kim JM, Shin IS, Yoon JS. Use of serotonergic antidepressants and bleeding risk in patients undergoing surgery. Psychosomatics. 2014 May-Jun;55(3):213-20. doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2013.08.011. Epub 2013 Dec 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 24314591.

Jordan J, Shannon JR, Black BK, Ali Y, Farley M, Costa F, Diedrich A, Robertson RM, Biaggioni I, Robertson D. The pressor response to water drinking in humans : a sympathetic reflex? Circulation. 2000 Feb 8;101(5):504-9. PubMed PMID: 10662747.

Jordan J, Shannon JR, Grogan E, Biaggioni I, Robertson D. A potent pressor response elicited by drinking water. Lancet. 1999 Feb 27;353(9154):723. PubMed PMID: 10073520.

Jordan J. Effect of water drinking on sympathetic nervous activity and blood pressure. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2005 Feb;7(1):17-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 15683582.

Kharofa J, Sekar P, Haverbusch M, Moomaw C, Flaherty M, Kissela B, Broderick J, Woo D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Stroke. 2007 Nov;38(11):3049-51. PubMed PMID: 17901378.

Khouri C, Blaise S, Carpentier P, Villier C, Cracowski JL, Roustit M. Drug-induced Raynaud’s phenomenon: beyond β-adrenoceptor blockers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Jul;82(1):6-16. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12912. Epub 2016 Apr 7. PMID: 26949933; PMCID: PMC4917788.

Kim HA, Yi HA, Lee H. Recent advances in orthostatic hypotension presenting orthostatic dizziness or vertigo. Neurol Sci. 2015 Nov;36(11):1995-2002. PubMed PMID: 26292788.

Kranzler HR, Cardoni A. Sodium chloride treatment of antidepressant-induced orthostatic hypotension. J Clin Psychiatry. 1988 Sep;49(9):366-8. PubMed PMID: 3417623.

Krediet CT, van Lieshout JJ, Bogert LW, Immink RV, Kim YS, Wieling W. Leg crossing improves orthostatic tolerance in healthy subjects: a placebo-controlled crossover study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006 Oct;291(4):H1768-72. Epub 2006 May 19. PubMed PMID: 16714361.

Labos C, Dasgupta K, Nedjar H, Turecki G, Rahme E. Risk of bleeding associated with combined use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and antiplatelet therapy following acute myocardial infarction. CMAJ. 2011 Nov 8;183(16):1835-43. PubMed PMID: 21948719; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3216455.

Lahrmann H, Cortelli P, Hilz M, Mathias CJ, Struhal W, Tassinari M. EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of orthostatic hypotension. Eur J Neurol. 2006 Sep;13(9):930-6. PubMed PMID: 16930356.

Lanier JB, Mote MB, Clay EC. Evaluation and management of orthostatic hypotension. Am Fam Physician. 2011 Sep 1;84(5):527-36. Review. PubMed PMID: 21888303.

Lee YC, Lin CH, Lin MS, Lin JW, Chang CH, Lai MS. Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants on cerebrovascular events: a nationwide population-based cohort study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Dec;33(6):782-9. PubMed PMID: 24091857.

Lesch KP, Wolozin BL, Murphy DL, Reiderer P. Primary structure of the human platelet serotonin uptake site: identity with the brain serotonin transporter. J Neurochem. 1993 Jun;60(6):2319-22. PubMed PMID: 7684072.

Li N, Wallén NH, Ladjevardi M, Hjemdahl P. Effects of serotonin on platelet activation in whole blood. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1997 Nov;8(8):517-23. PubMed PMID: 9491270.

Lithium carbonate Prescribing Information (revised October 2016). Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/017812s027,018421s025,018558s021lbl.pdf

Löppönen P, Tetri S, Juvela S, Huhtakangas J, Saloheimo P, Bode MK, Hillbom M. Association between warfarin combined with serotonin-modulating antidepressants and increased case fatality in primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a population-based study. J Neurosurg. 2014 Jun;120(6):1358-63. PubMed PMID: 24506245.

Low PA, Singer W. Management of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: an update. Lancet Neurol. 2008 May;7(5):451-8. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70088-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 18420158; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2628163.

Mago R, Mahajan R, Thase ME. Levomilnacipran: a newly approved drug for treatment of major depressive disorder. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2014 Mar;7(2):137-45. doi: 10.1586/17512433.2014.889563. PMID: 24524592.

Mago R, Mahajan R, Thase ME. Medically serious adverse effects of newer antidepressants. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2008 Jun;10(3):249-57. doi: 10.1007/s11920-008-0041-2. PMID: 18652794

Mago R, Tripathi N, Andrade C. Cardiovascular adverse effects of newer antidepressants. Expert Rev Neurother. 2014 May;14(5):539-51. PubMed PMID: 24738823.

Malhi GS, Bassett D, Boyce P, Bryant R, Fitzgerald PB, Fritz K, Hopwood M, Lyndon B, Mulder R, Murray G, Porter R, Singh AB. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2015 Dec;49(12):1087-206. doi: 10.1177/0004867415617657. Review. PubMed PMID: 26643054.

Martin KA, Krahn LE, Balan V, Rosati MJ. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the context of hepatitis C infection: reexamining the risks of bleeding. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;68(7):1024-6. PubMed PMID: 17685737.

Maverakis E, Patel F, Kronenberg DG, Chung L, Fiorentino D, Allanore Y, Guiducci S, Hesselstrand R, Hummers LK, Duong C, Kahaleh B, Macgregor A, Matucci-Cerinic M, Wollheim FA, Mayes MD, Gershwin ME. International consensus criteria for the diagnosis of Raynaud’s phenomenon. J Autoimmun. 2014 Feb-Mar;48-49:60-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.01.020. Epub 2014 Feb 1. PMID: 24491823; PMCID: PMC4018202.

Mehta N, Vannozzi R. Lithium-induced electrocardiographic changes: A complete review. Clin Cardiol. 2017 Dec;40(12):1363-1367. doi: 10.1002/clc.22822. Epub 2017 Dec 16. Review. PubMed PMID: 29247520; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6490621.

Meijer WE, Heerdink ER, Nolen WA, Herings RM, Leufkens HG, Egberts AC. Association of risk of abnormal bleeding with degree of serotonin reuptake inhibition by antidepressants. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Nov 22;164(21):2367-70. PubMed PMID: 15557417.

Merrill DB, Ahmari SE, Bradford JM, Lieberman JA. Myocarditis during clozapine treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Feb;163(2):204-8. Erratum in: Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;163(3):556. PubMed PMID: 16449471.

Merrill DB, Dec GW, Goff DC. Adverse cardiac effects associated with clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005 Feb;25(1):32-41. Review. PubMed PMID: 15643098.

Mirza T, Majeed MH. Mirtazapine-Induced Epistaxis in an Australian Indigenous Man. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2018 Oct 25;20(5). pii: 18l02288. doi: 10.4088/PCC.18l02288. PubMed PMID: 30444960.

Mistraletti G, Iapichino G. Hydroxyzine and QTc interval: drugs without sin cast the first stone! Minerva Anestesiol. 2016 Feb;82(2):240-1. PubMed PMID: 26375793.

Monteerarat Y, Pariwatcharakul P. Methylphenidate-Induced Raynaud Phenomenon Developed After Increasing Methylphenidate in an Adult With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019 Mar/Apr;39(2):178-179. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001007. PMID: 30811376.

Na KS, Jung HY, Cho SJ, Cho SE. Can we recommend mirtazapine and bupropion for patients at risk for bleeding?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018 Jan 1;225:221-226. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.002. Epub 2017 Aug 8. Review. PubMed PMID: 28841484.

Okamoto LE, Diedrich A, Baudenbacher FJ, Harder R, Whitfield JS, Iqbal F, Gamboa A, Shibao CA, Black BK, Raj SR, Robertson D, Biaggioni I. Efficacy of Servo-Controlled Splanchnic Venous Compression in the Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension: A Randomized Comparison With Midodrine. Hypertension. 2016 Aug;68(2):418-26. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07199. Epub 2016 Jun 6. PubMed PMID: 27271310; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4945429.

Peiró AM, Margarit C, Torra M. Citalopram-induced Raynaud’s phenomenon. Rheumatol Int. 2007 Apr;27(6):599-601. doi: 10.1007/s00296-006-0254-9. Epub 2006 Nov 14. PMID: 17103176.

Podoleanu C, Maggi R, Brignole M, Croci F, Incze A, Solano A, Puggioni E, Carasca E. Lower limb and abdominal compression bandages prevent progressive orthostatic hypotension in elderly persons: a randomized single-blind controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Oct 3;48(7):1425-32. Epub 2006 Sep 14. PubMed PMID: 17010806.

Prozac (fluoxetine) Prescribing Information. Available at: https://pi.lilly.com/us/prozac.pdf

Puisieux F, Boumbar Y, Bulckaen H, Bonnin E, Houssin F, Dewailly P. Intraindividual variability in orthostatic blood pressure changes among older adults: the influence of meals. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999 Nov;47(11):1332-6. PubMed PMID: 10573442.

Ramasubbu R. Cerebrovascular effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Dec;65(12):1642-53. PubMed PMID: 15641869.

Ramasubbu R. SSRI treatment-associated stroke: causality assessment in two cases. Ann Pharmacother. 2004 Jul-Aug;38(7-8):1197-201. PubMed PMID: 15150381.

Ronaldson KJ, Fitzgerald PB, McNeil JJ. Clozapine-induced myocarditis, a widely overlooked adverse reaction. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 Oct;132(4):231-40. Review. PubMed PMID: 25865238.

Ronaldson KJ, Fitzgerald PB, Taylor AJ, Topliss DJ, McNeil JJ. A new monitoring protocol for clozapine-induced myocarditis based on an analysis of 75 cases and 94 controls. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011 Jun;45(6):458-65. PubMed PMID: 21524186.

Ronaldson KJ. Cardiovascular Disease in Clozapine-Treated Patients: Evidence, Mechanisms and Management. CNS Drugs. 2017 Aug 14. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID: 28808933.

Roose SP, Bone S, Haidorfer C, Dunner DL, Fieve RR. Lithium treatment in older patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1979 Jun;136(6):843-4. PubMed PMID: 443475.

Roweth HG, Cook AA, Moroi M, Bonna AM, Jung SM, Bergmeier W, Sage SO, Jarvis GE. Two novel, putative mechanisms of action for citalopram-induced platelet inhibition. Sci Rep. 2018 Nov 12;8(1):16677. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34389-5. PubMed PMID: 30420683; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6232110.

Rudnick A, Modai I, Zelikovski A. Fluoxetine-induced Raynaud’s phenomenon. Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Jun 15;41(12):1218-21. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00188-1. PMID: 9171912.

Sakaguchi T, Itoh H, Ding WG, Tsuji K, Nagaoka I, Oka Y, Ashihara T, Ito M, Yumoto Y, Zenda N, Higashi Y, Takeyama Y, Matsuura H, Horie M. Hydroxyzine, a first generation H(1)-receptor antagonist, inhibits human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) current and causes syncope in a patient with the HERG mutation. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008 Dec;108(4):462-71. PubMed PMID: 19057127.

Sayadipour A, Mago R, Kepler CK, Chambliss RB, Certa KM, Vaccaro AR, Albert TJ, Anderson DG. Antidepressants and the risk of abnormal bleeding during spinal surgery: a case–control study. Eur Spine J. 2012 Oct;21(10):2070-8. PubMed PMID: 22290783; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3463707.

Schlit AF, Delaunois A, Colomar A, Claudio B, Cariolato L, Boev R, Valentin JP, Peters C, Sloan VS, Bentz JWG. Risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes associated with exposure to hydroxyzine: re-evaluation of an established drug. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2017 Apr 21;5(3):e00309. PubMed PMID: 28480041; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5415947.

Shannon JR, Diedrich A, Biaggioni I, Tank J, Robertson RM, Robertson D, Jordan J. Water drinking as a treatment for orthostatic syndromes. Am J Med. 2002 Apr 1;112(5):355-60. PubMed PMID: 11904109.

Shibao C, Lipsitz LA, Biaggioni I. ASH position paper: evaluation and treatment of orthostatic hypotension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2013 Mar;15(3):147-53. PubMed PMID: 23458585.

Shin JY, Park MJ, Lee SH, Choi SH, Kim MH, Choi NK, Lee J, Park BJ. Risk of intracranial haemorrhage in antidepressant users with concurrent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: nationwide propensity score matched study. BMJ. 2015 Jul 14;351:h3517. PubMed PMID: 26173947.

Smit AA, Wieling W, Fujimura J, Denq JC, Opfer-Gehrking TL, Akarriou M, Karemaker JM, Low PA. Use of lower abdominal compression to combat orthostatic hypotension in patients with autonomic dysfunction. Clin Auton Res. 2004 Jun;14(3):167-75. PubMed PMID: 15241645.

Subbarayan S, Myint PK, Martin KR, Abraha I, Devkota S, O’Mahony D, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Cherubini A, Soiza RL. Nonpharmacologic Management of Orthostatic Hypotension in Older People: A Systematic Review. The SENATOR ONTOP Series. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019 Sep;20(9):1065-1073.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.03.032. Epub 2019 May 17. Review. PubMed PMID: 31109911.

Swart LE, Koster K, Torn M, Budde RP, Uijlings R. Clozapine-induced myocarditis. Schizophr Res. 2016 Jul;174(1-3):161-4. PubMed PMID: 27112636.

Syed RH, Moore TL. Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine-induced peripheral vasculopathy. J Clin Rheumatol. 2008 Feb;14(1):30-3. doi: 10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181639aaa. PMID: 18431096.

Tan G, Mintz AJ, Mintz B, Borges JC, Hines MD, Schainfeld RM, Jaff MR, Weinberg I. Peripheral vascular manifestation in patients receiving an amphetamine analog: A case series. Vasc Med. 2019 Feb;24(1):50-55. doi: 10.1177/1358863X18790101. Epub 2018 Aug 14. PMID: 30105937.

Teply RM, Packard KA, White ND, Hilleman DE, DiNicolantonio JJ. Treatment of Depression in Patients with Concomitant Cardiac Disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2016 Mar-Apr;58(5):514-28. Review. PubMed PMID: 26562328.

Thase ME. Effects of venlafaxine on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of original data from 3744 depressed patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998 Oct;59(10):502-8. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v59n1002. PMID: 9818630.

van Walraven C, Mamdani MM, Wells PS, Williams JI. Inhibition of serotonin reuptake by antidepressants and upper gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patients: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2001 Sep 22;323(7314):655-8. PubMed PMID: 11566827; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC55923.

Verdel BM, Souverein PC, Meenks SD, Heerdink ER, Leufkens HG, Egberts TC. Use of serotonergic drugs and the risk of bleeding. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Jan;89(1):89-96. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2010.240. Epub 2010 Nov 24. PubMed PMID: 21107313.

Vidal X, Ibáñez L, Vendrell L, Conforti A, Laporte JR; Spanish-Italian Collaborative Group for the Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and the degree of serotonin reuptake inhibition by antidepressants: a case-control study. Drug Saf. 2008;31(2):159-68. PubMed PMID: 18217791.

Vigne J, Alexandre J, Fobe F, Milliez P, Loilier M, Fedrizzi S, Coquerel A. QT prolongation induced by hydroxyzine: a pharmacovigilance case report. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015 Mar;71(3):379-81. PubMed PMID: 25622983.

Vistaril Prescribing Information. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/011459s048,011795s025lbl.pdf

Wang YP, Chen YT, Tsai CF, Li SY, Luo JC, Wang SJ, Tang CH, Liu CJ, Lin HC, Lee FY, Chang FY, Lu CL. Short-term use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Jan;171(1):54-61. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12111467. PubMed PMID: 24030313.

Weinrieb RM, Auriacombe M, Lynch KG, Chang KM, Lewis JD. A critical review of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-associated bleeding: balancing the risk of treating hepatitis C-infected patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Dec;64(12):1502-10. Review. PubMed PMID: 14728113.

Weiss A, Grossman E, Beloosesky Y, Grinblat J. Orthostatic hypotension in acute geriatric ward: is it a consistent finding? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Nov 11;162(20):2369-74. ew. PubMed PMID: 24659590.

Wernicke J, Lledó A, Raskin J, Kajdasz DK, Wang F. An evaluation of the cardiovascular safety profile of duloxetine: findings from 42 placebo-controlled studies. Drug Saf. 2007;30(5):437-55. doi: 10.2165/00002018-200730050-00007. PMID: 17472422.

Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV, Schaffer A, Bond DJ, Frey BN, Sharma V, Goldstein BI, Rej S, Beaulieu S, Alda M, MacQueen G, Milev RV, Ravindran A, O’Donovan C, McIntosh D, Lam RW, Vazquez G, Kapczinski F, McIntyre RS, Kozicky J, Kanba S, Lafer B, Suppes T, Calabrese JR, Vieta E, Malhi G, Post RM, Berk M. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) 2018 guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2018 Mar;20(2):97-170. PubMed PMID: 29536616; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5947163.

Yu ZJ, Parker-Kotler C, Tran K, Weller RA, Weller EB. Peripheral vasculopathy associated with psychostimulant treatment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2010 Apr;12(2):111-5. doi: 10.1007/s11920-010-0093-y. PMID: 20425295.

Chapter 4. Discontinuation syndromes

Benazzi F. Fluoxetine for serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1998b Sep;23(4):241-2. PubMed PMID: 9785704; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1188942.

Benazzi F. Fluoxetine for the treatment of SSRI discontinuation syndrome. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008 Aug;11(5):725-6. PubMed PMID: 18241360.

Benazzi F. SSRI discontinuation syndrome treated with fluoxetine. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998a Jun;13(6):421-2. PubMed PMID: 9658279.

Chaudhuri KR, Todorova A, Nirenberg MJ, Parry M, Martin A, Martinez-Martin P, Rizos A, Henriksen T, Jost W, Storch A, Ebersbach G, Reichmann H, Odin P, Antonini A. A Pilot Prospective, Multicenter Observational Study of Dopamine Agonist Withdrawal Syndrome in Parkinson’s Disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2015 Mar 16;2(2):170-174. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.12141. eCollection 2015 Jun. PubMed PMID: 30713891; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6353371. Prospective study of 51 patients.

Cortes JA, Radhakrishnan R. A case of amelioration of venlafaxine-discontinuation “brain shivers” with atomoxetine. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2013;15(2). pii: PCC.12l01427. PubMed PMID: 23930231; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3733524.

Dilsaver SC, Feinberg M, Greden JF. Antidepressant withdrawal symptoms treated with anticholinergic agents. Am J Psychiatry. 1983 Feb;140(2):249-51. PubMed PMID: 6849449.

Dorfman BJ, Nirenberg MJ. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in a patient with restless legs syndrome. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013 Feb;19(2):269-70. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.06.006. Epub 2012 Jun 29. PubMed PMID: 22749683.

Fava GA, Gatti A, Belaise C, Guidi J, Offidani E. Withdrawal Symptoms after Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Discontinuation: A Systematic Review. Psychother Psychosom. 2015 Feb 21;84(2):72-81. PubMed PMID: 25721705.

Feth N, Cattapan-Ludewig K, Jaquenoud Sirot E. Electric sensations: neglected symptom of escitalopram discontinuation. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;163(1):160. PubMed PMID: 16390910.

Frost L, Lal S. Shock-like sensations after discontinuation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 May;152(5):810. PubMed PMID: 7726327.

Giakas WJ, Davis JM. Intractable withdrawal from venlafaxine treated with fluoxetine. Psychiatric Annals. 1997;27(2):85-92.

Haddad PM, Anderson IM. Recognising and managing antidepressant discontinuation symptoms. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 2007;13:447-457.

Haddad PM, Qureshi M. Misdiagnosis of antidepressant discontinuation symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000 Dec;102(6):466-7; discussion 467-8. PubMed PMID: 11142438.

Himei A, Okamura T. Discontinuation syndrome associated with paroxetine in depressed patients: a retrospective analysis of factors involved in the occurrence of the syndrome. CNS Drugs. 2006;20(8):665-72. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200620080-00005. PMID: 16863271.

Launois C, Leu-Semenescu S, Brion A, Arnulf I. Major depression after withdrawing dopamine agonists in two patients with restless legs syndrome and impulse control disorders. Sleep Med. 2013 Jul;14(7):696. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.04.009. Epub 2013 May 25. PubMed PMID: 23714418.

Limotai N, Oyama G, Go C, Bernal O, Ong T, Moum SJ, Bhidayasiri R, Foote KD, Bowers D, Ward H, Okun MS. Addiction-like manifestations and Parkinson’s disease: a large single center 9-year experience. Int J Neurosci. 2012 Mar;122(3):145-53. doi: 10.3109/00207454.2011.633722. Epub 2011 Dec 6. PubMed PMID: 22023411.

Nielsen M, Hansen EH, Gøtzsche PC. What is the difference between dependence and withdrawal reactions? A comparison of benzodiazepines and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Addiction. 2012 May;107(5):900-8. PubMed PMID: 21992148.

Nirenberg MJ. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome: implications for patient care. Drugs Aging. 2013 Aug;30(8):587-92. doi: 10.1007/s40266-013-0090-z. Review. PubMed PMID: 23686524.

Ogle NR, Akkerman SR. Guidance for the discontinuation or switching of antidepressant therapies in adults. J Pharm Pract. 2013 Aug;26(4):389-96. PubMed PMID: 23459282. Campagne DM. Venlafaxine and serious withdrawal symptoms: warning to drivers. MedGenMed. 2005 Jul 6;7(3):22. Review. PubMed PMID: 16369248; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1681629.

Patel S, Garcia X, Mohammad ME, Yu XX, Vlastaris K, O’Donnell K, Sutton K, Fernandez HH. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome (DAWS) in a tertiary Parkinson disease treatment center. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Aug 15;379:308-311. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.06.022. Epub 2017 Jun 16. PubMed PMID: 28716269. Large study but retrospective.

Pitchot W, Ansseau M. Shock-like sensations associated with duloxetine discontinuation. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Jul-Sep;20(3):175. PubMed PMID: 18633745.

Pondal M, Marras C, Miyasaki J, Moro E, Armstrong MJ, Strafella AP, Shah BB, Fox S, Prashanth LK, Phielipp N, Lang AE. Clinical features of dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in a movement disorders clinic. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013 Feb;84(2):130-5. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302684. Epub 2012 Aug 29. PubMed PMID: 22933817.

Prakash O, Dhar V. Emergence of electric shock-like sensations on escitalopram discontinuation. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jun;28(3):359-60. PubMed PMID: 18480703.

Rabinak CA, Nirenberg MJ. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2010 Jan;67(1):58-63. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.294. PubMed PMID: 20065130. The first published report of DAWS.

Raby WN. Treatment of venlafaxine discontinuation symptoms with ondansetron. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998 Nov;59(11):621-2. PubMed PMID: 9862610.

Reeves RR, Mack JE, Beddingfield JJ. Shock-like sensations during venlafaxine withdrawal. Pharmacotherapy. 2003 May;23(5):678-81. PubMed PMID: 12741444.

Schatzberg AF, Blier P, Delgado PL, Fava M, Haddad PM, Shelton RC. Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome: consensus panel recommendations for clinical management and additional research. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67 Suppl 4:27-30. Review. PubMed PMID: 16683860.

Schechter JO. Treatment of disequilibrium and nausea in the SRI discontinuation syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998 Aug;59(8):431-2. PubMed PMID: 9721826.

Shimo Y, Nakajima A, Hattori N. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in a patient with restless legs syndrome without impulse control disorder or drug abuse. Neurol Sci. 2015 Jun;36(6):1021-3. doi: 10.1007/s10072-014-1996-x. Epub 2014 Nov 2. PubMed PMID: 25362251.

Solla P, Fasano A, Cannas A, Marrosu F. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Nov 15;382:47-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.3263. Epub 2017 Sep 1. PubMed PMID: 29111017.

Terao T. Misdiagnosis of antidepressant discontinuation symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001 Jul;104(1):77-8. PubMed PMID: 11437757.

Yu XX, Fernandez HH. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome: A comprehensive review. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Mar 15;374:53-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.12.070. Epub 2017 Jan 2. Review. PubMed PMID: 28104232.

Chapter 5. Ears

Ahmad S. Venlafaxine and severe tinnitus. Am Fam Physician. 1995 Jun;51(8):1830. PMID: 7762476. Case report.

Baldo P, Doree C, Molin P, McFerran D, Cecco S. Antidepressants for patients with tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;2012(9):CD003853. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003853.pub3. PMID: 22972065; PMCID: PMC7156891. A systematic review of clinical trials.

Belli H, Belli S, Oktay MF, Ural C. Psychopathological dimensions of tinnitus and psychopharmacologic approaches in its treatment. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012 May-Jun;34(3):282-9. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.006. Epub 2012 Jan 27. PMID: 22283657.

Clewes J. A case report of onset of tinnitus following discontinuation of antidepressant and a review of the literature. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2012;14(1):PCC.11br01218. doi: 10.4088/PCC.11br01218. Epub 2012 Feb 16. PMID: 22690352; PMCID: PMC3357564.

Dobie RA, Sakai CS, Sullivan MD, Katon WJ, Russo J. Antidepressant treatment of tinnitus patients: report of a randomized clinical trial and clinical prediction of benefit. Am J Otol. 1993 Jan;14(1):18-23. PMID: 8424470.

Golden RN, Evans DL. Antidepressants and tinnitus. Arch Intern Med. 1994 Jun 27;154(12):1411. doi: 10.1001/archinte.154.12.1411a. PMID: 8002694. Letter to the Editor.

Humma LM, Swims MP. Bupropion mimics a transient ischemic attack. Ann Pharmacother. 1999 Mar;33(3):305-7. doi: 10.1345/aph.18206. PMID: 10200854. Settle EC Jr. Tinnitus related to bupropion treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Aug;52(8):352. PMID: 1907965. Case reports.

Jacobson GP, McCaslin DL. A search for evidence of a direct relationship between tinnitus and suicide. J Am Acad Audiol. 2001 Nov-Dec;12(10):493-6. PMID: 11791935.

Langguth B, Landgrebe M, Wittmann M, Kleinjung T, Hajak G. Persistent tinnitus induced by tricyclic antidepressants. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Aug;24(8):1273-5. doi: 10.1177/0269881109106929. Epub 2009 Oct 13. PMID: 19825900.

Mendis D, Johnston M. An unusual case of prolonged tinnitus following low-dose amitriptyline. J Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jul;22(5):574-5. doi: 10.1177/0269881107082126. Epub 2008 Feb 28. PMID: 18308819. Settle EC Jr. Tinnitus related to bupropion treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Aug;52(8):352. PMID: 1907965. Case report.

Miller CW. Development of Tinnitus at a Low Dose of Sertraline: Clinical Course and Proposed Mechanisms. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2016;2016:1790692. doi: 10.1155/2016/1790692. Epub 2016 Sep 15. PMID: 27703829; PMCID: PMC5040800.

Oishi N, Kanzaki S, Shinden S, Saito H, Inoue Y, Ogawa K. Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor on treating tinnitus in patients stratified for presence of depression or anxiety. Audiol Neurootol. 2010;15(3):187-93. doi: 10.1159/000251916. Epub 2009 Oct 23. PMID: 19851065.

Pinto PC, Marcelos CM, Mezzasalma MA, Osterne FJ, de Melo Tavares de Lima MA, Nardi AE. Tinnitus and its association with psychiatric disorders: systematic review. J Laryngol Otol. 2014 Aug;128(8):660-4. doi: 10.1017/S0022215114001030. Epub 2014 Jul 17. PMID: 25033303.

Pondrom MF, Brahm NC. Venlafaxine-associated tinnitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2009 Sep 15;66(18):1606, 1608. doi: 10.2146/ajhp090309. PMID: 19729562. Case report.

Robinson SK, Viirre ES, Bailey KA, Gerke MA, Harris JP, Stein MB. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in the treatment of nondepressed tinnitus subjects. Psychosom Med. 2005 Nov-Dec;67(6):981-8. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000188479.04891.74. Erratum in: Psychosom Med. 2006 Jan-Feb;68(1):1 p preceding 1. Stein, Murray B [added]. PMID: 16314604.

Robinson SK, Viirre ES, Stein MB. Antidepressant therapy in tinnitus. Hear Res. 2007 Apr;226(1-2):221-31. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2006.08.004. Epub 2006 Sep 14. PMID: 16973315.

Savage J, Waddell A. Tinnitus. BMJ Clin Evid. 2014 Oct 20;2014:0506. PMID: 25328113; PMCID: PMC4202663.

Settle EC Jr. Tinnitus related to bupropion treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Aug;52(8):352. PMID: 1907965. Case report.

Sismanis A. Pulsatile tinnitus: contemporary assessment and management. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011 Oct;19(5):348-57. doi: 10.1097/MOO.0b013e3283493fd8. PMID: 22552697.

Sullivan M, Katon W, Russo J, Dobie R, Sakai C. A randomized trial of nortriptyline for severe chronic tinnitus. Effects on depression, disability, and tinnitus symptoms. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Oct 11;153(19):2251-9. PMID: 8215728.

Sullivan MD, Dobie RA, Sakai CS, Katon WJ. Treatment of depressed tinnitus patients with nortriptyline. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1989 Nov;98(11):867-72. doi: 10.1177/000348948909801107. PMID: 2817678.

Szibor A, Mäkitie A, Aarnisalo AA. Tinnitus and suicide: An unresolved relation. Audiol Res. 2019 Jun 7;9(1):222. doi: 10.4081/audiores.2019.222. PMID: 31275536; PMCID: PMC6580142.

Tunkel DE, Bauer CA, Sun GH, Rosenfeld RM, Chandrasekhar SS, Cunningham ER Jr, Archer SM, Blakley BW, Carter JM, Granieri EC, Henry JA, Hollingsworth D, Khan FA, Mitchell S, Monfared A, Newman CW, Omole FS, Phillips CD, Robinson SK, Taw MB, Tyler RS, Waguespack R, Whamond EJ. Clinical practice guideline: tinnitus. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Oct;151(2 Suppl):S1-S40. doi: 10.1177/0194599814545325. PMID: 25273878.

Ziai K, Moshtaghi O, Mahboubi H, Djalilian HR. Tinnitus Patients Suffering from Anxiety and Depression: A Review. Int Tinnitus J. 2017 Jun 1;21(1):68-73. doi: 10.5935/0946-5448.20170013. PMID: 28723605.

Chapter 6. Electrolytes

Allan R, Foster C. Problem-based review: A patient with metabolic acidosis. Acute Med. 2012;11(4):251-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 23364112.

Barnett SM, Jackson AH, Rosen BA, Garb JL, Braden GL. Nephrolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis From Topiramate Therapy in Children With Epilepsy. Kidney Int Rep. 2018 Feb 21;3(3):684-690. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.02.005. eCollection 2018 May. PubMed PMID: 29854977; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5976810.

Beers E, van Puijenbroek EP, Bartelink IH, van der Linden CM, Jansen PA. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) or hyponatraemia associated with valproic Acid: four case reports from the Netherlands and a case/non-case analysis of vigibase. Drug Saf. 2010 Jan 1;33(1):47-55. PubMed PMID: 20000866.

Berend K. Review of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2017 Dec;3(4):149-159. doi: 10.1159/000479279. Epub 2017 Sep 1. Review. PubMed PMID: 29344509; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5757610.

Brubaker RH, Meseeha M. High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis. 2018 Oct 27. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from http://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/books/NBK448090/ PubMed PMID: 28846305.

Burmeister JE, Pereira RR, Hartke EM, Kreuz M. Topiramate and severe metabolic acidosis: case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2005 Jun;63(2B):532-4. Epub 2005 Jul 25. PubMed PMID: 16059613.

Centor RM. Serum Total Carbon Dioxide. In: Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK308

De Picker L, Van Den Eede F, Dumont G, Moorkens G, Sabbe BG. Antidepressants and the risk of hyponatremia: a class-by-class review of literature. Psychosomatics. 2014 Nov-Dec;55(6):536-47. doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2014.01.010. Epub 2014 Apr 21. Review. PubMed PMID: 25262043.

Fabian TJ, Amico JA, Kroboth PD, Mulsant BH, Corey SE, Begley AE, Bensasi SG, Weber E, Dew MA, Reynolds CF 3rd, Pollock BG. Paroxetine-induced hyponatremia in older adults: a 12-week prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Feb 9;164(3):327-32. PubMed PMID: 14769630.

Fakhoury T, Murray L, Seger D, McLean M, Abou-Khalil B. Topiramate Overdose: Clinical and Laboratory Features. Epilepsy Behav. 2002 Apr;3(2):185-189. PubMed PMID: 12609421.

Fall PJ. A stepwise approach to acid-base disorders. Practical patient evaluation for metabolic acidosis and other conditions. Postgrad Med. 2000 Mar;107(3):249-50, 253-4, 257-8 passim. Review. PubMed PMID: 10728149.

Grant P, Ayuk J, Bouloux PM, Cohen M, Cranston I, Murray RD, Rees A, Thatcher N, Grossman A. The diagnosis and management of inpatient hyponatraemia and SIADH. Eur J Clin Invest. 2015 Aug;45(8):888-94. PubMed PMID: 25995119; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4744950.

Greenblatt HK, Greenblatt DJ. Antidepressant-Associated Hyponatremia in the Elderly. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Dec;36(6):545-549. Review. PubMed PMID: 27755157.

Jacob S, Spinler SA. Hyponatremia associated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in older adults. Ann Pharmacother. 2006 Sep;40(9):1618-22. Epub 2006 Aug 8. Review. PubMed PMID: 16896026.

Jones MB. Basic interpretation of metabolic acidosis. Crit Care Nurse. 2010 Oct;30(5):63-9; quiz 70. doi: 10.4037/ccn2010521. Review. PubMed PMID: 20889514.

Kraut JA, Madias NE. Serum anion gap: its uses and limitations in clinical medicine. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Jan;2(1):162-74. Epub 2006 Dec 6. Review. PubMed PMID: 17699401.

Kraut JA, Nagami GT. The serum anion gap in the evaluation of acid-base disorders: what are its limitations and can its effectiveness be improved? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013 Nov;8(11):2018-24. doi: 10.2215/CJN.04040413. Epub 2013 Jul 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 23833313; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3817910.

Langman LJ, Jannetto PJ, Sztajnkrycer MD. Unidentified anion gap metabolic acidosis. Clin Biochem. 2019 Mar;65:53-54. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.12.006. Epub 2018 Dec 19. PubMed PMID: 30578759.

Liamis G, Milionis HJ, Elisaf M. Pharmacologically-induced metabolic acidosis: a review. Drug Saf. 2010 May 1;33(5):371-91. doi: 10.2165/11533790-000000000-00000. Review. PubMed PMID: 20397738. 7: Casaletto JJ. Differential diagnosis of metabolic acidosis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2005 Aug;23(3):771-87, ix. Review. PubMed PMID: 15982545.

Lu X, Wang X. Hyponatremia induced by antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2017 Jan;16(1):77-87. Review. PubMed PMID: 27737595.

Mago R, Mahajan R, Thase ME. Medically serious adverse effects of newer antidepressants. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2008 Jun;10(3):249-57. Review. PubMed PMID: 18652794.

Mirza N, Marson AG, Pirmohamed M. Effect of topiramate on acid-base balance: extent, mechanism and effects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Nov;68(5):655-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03521.x. PubMed PMID: 19916989; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2791971.

Mirza NS, Alfirevic A, Jorgensen A, Marson AG, Pirmohamed M. Metabolic acidosis with topiramate and zonisamide: an assessment of its severity and predictors. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2011 May;21(5):297-302. doi: 10.1097/FPC.0b013e3283441b95. PubMed PMID: 21278619.

Pham AQ, Xu LH, Moe OW. Drug-Induced Metabolic Acidosis. F1000Res. 2015 Dec 16;4. pii: F1000 Faculty Rev-1460. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7006.1. eCollection 2015. Review. PubMed PMID: 26918138; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4754009.

Rastegar M, Nagami GT. Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis: A Clinical Approach to Evaluation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017 Feb;69(2):296-301. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.09.013. Epub 2016 Oct 28. PubMed PMID: 28029394.

Reddy P, Mooradian AD. Clinical utility of anion gap in deciphering acid-base disorders. Int J Clin Pract. 2009 Oct;63(10):1516-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02000.x. Review. PubMed PMID: 19769708.

Roxanas M, Hibbert E, Field M. Venlafaxine hyponatraemia: incidence, mechanism and management. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007 May;41(5):411-8. PubMed PMID: 17464733.

Sacks GS. The ABC’s of Acid-Base Balance. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Oct;9(4):235-42. doi: 10.5863/1551-6776-9.4.235. PubMed PMID: 23118702; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3469118.

Sinha A, Oo P, Asghar MU, Cheema HA, Mehta SS, Leinwand JC, Janga K. Type II Renal Tubular Acidosis Secondary to Topiramate: A Review. Cureus. 2018 Nov 26;10(11):e3635. doi: 10.7759/cureus.3635. Review. PubMed PMID: 30755834; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6351003.

Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, Korzelius C, Schrier RW, Sterns RH, Thompson CJ. Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations. Am J Med. 2013 Oct;126(10 Suppl 1):S1-42. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.07.006. PubMed PMID: 24074529.

Viramontes TS, Truong H, Linnebur SA. Antidepressant-Induced Hyponatremia in Older Adults. Consult Pharm. 2016 Mar;31(3):139-50. doi: 10.4140/TCP.n.2016.139. Review. PubMed PMID: 26975593.

Wilson WC. Clinical approach to acid-base analysis. Importance of the anion gap. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2001 Dec;19(4):907-12. Review. PubMed PMID: 11778385.

Chapter 7. Endocrine glands

Abdel Gadir A, Khatim MS, Muharib NS, Shaw RW. The aetiology of galactorrhoea in women with regular menstruation and normal prolactin levels. Hum Reprod. 1992 Aug;7(7):912-4. PubMed PMID: 1430126.

Agarwal M, Das A, Singh SA. Hyperprolactinemia with normal serum prolactin: Its clinical significance. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2010 May;3(2):111-2. PubMed PMID: 21209758; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2970787.

Ajmal A, Joffe H, Nachtigall LB. Psychotropic-induced hyperprolactinemia: a clinical review. Psychosomatics. 2014 Jan-Feb;55(1):29-36. Review. PubMed PMID: 24140188.

Bauer M, Blumentritt H, Finke R, Schlattmann P, Adli M, Baethge C, Bschor T, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Berghöfer A. Using ultrasonography to determine thyroid size and prevalence of goiter in lithium-treated patients with affective disorders. J Affect Disord. 2007 Dec;104(1-3):45-51. PubMed PMID: 17346802.

Bendz H, Sjödin I, Toss G, Berglund K. Hyperparathyroidism and long-term lithium therapy–a cross-sectional study and the effect of lithium withdrawal. J Intern Med. 1996 Dec;240(6):357-65. PubMed PMID: 9010382.

Berger M, Riedel M, Tomova N, Obermeier M, Seemüller F, Dittmann S, Moeller HJ, Severus E. Do current screening recommendations allow for early detection of lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism in patients with bipolar disorder? Int J Bipolar Disord. 2013 Jun 14;1:7. PubMed PMID: 25505674; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4230432.

Bocchetta A, Cocco F, Velluzzi F, Del Zompo M, Mariotti S, Loviselli A. Fifteen-year follow-up of thyroid function in lithium patients. J Endocrinol Invest. 2007 May;30(5):363-6. PubMed PMID: 17598966.

Broome JT, Solorzano CC. Lithium use and primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2011 Mar-Apr;17 Suppl 1:31-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 21247849.

Brown EM. Lithium induces abnormal calcium-regulated PTH release in dispersed bovine parathyroid cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981 May;52(5):1046-8. PubMed PMID: 7228989.

Carchman E, Ogilvie J, Holst J, Yim J, Carty S. Appropriate surgical treatment of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 2008 Oct;32(10):2195-9. doi: 10.1007/s00268-008-9616-7. PubMed PMID: 18463919.

Daniels GH, Hayden DL, Goff DC, Kearns AE. Effect of risperidone dose on serum prolactin level. Endocr Pract. 2001 May-Jun;7(3):224. PubMed PMID: 11421571.

Dixon M, Luthra V, Todd C. Use of cinacalcet in lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism. BMJ Case Rep. 2018 Aug 29;2018. pii: bcr-2018-225154. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225154. PubMed PMID: 30158262.

Fagiolini A, Kupfer DJ, Scott J, Swartz HA, Cook D, Novick DM, Frank E. Hypothyroidism in patients with bipolar I disorder treated primarily with lithium. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2006 Apr-Jun;15(2):123-7. PubMed PMID: 16865933.

Gitlin M. Lithium side effects and toxicity: prevalence and management strategies. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2016 Dec;4(1):27. Review. PubMed PMID: 27900734; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5164879.

Goel P, Kahkasha, Narang S, Gupta BK, Goel K. Evaluation of serum prolactin level in patients of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015 Jan;9(1):BC15-7. PubMed PMID: 25737975; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4347066.

Grandjean EM, Aubry JM. Lithium: updated human knowledge using an evidence-based approach: part III: clinical safety. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(5):397-418. Review. PubMed PMID: 19453201.

Gregoor PS, de Jong GM. Lithium hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, and cinacalcet. Kidney Int. 2007 Mar;71(5):470. PubMed PMID: 17315015.

Hong L, Newton H, Nance M. Management of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;46(6):585. PubMed PMID: 22528977.

Ibrahim Y, Mohamed SE, Deniwar A, Al-Qurayshi ZH, Kandil E. Lithium-Associated Hyperparathyroidism: A Pooled Analysis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec.2015;77(5):273-80. Review. PubMed PMID: 26315685.

Jackson J, Safranek S, Daugird A. Clinical inquiries. What is the recommended evaluation and treatment for elevated serum prolactin? J Fam Pract. 2005 Oct;54(10):897-8, 901. PubMed PMID: 16202380.

Järhult J, Ander S, Asking B, Jansson S, Meehan A, Kristoffersson A, Nordenström J. Long-term results of surgery for lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. Br J Surg. 2010 Nov;97(11):1680-5. doi: 10.1002/bjs.7199. PubMed PMID: 20665482.

Johnston AM, Eagles JM. Lithium-associated clinical hypothyroidism. Prevalence and risk factors. Br J Psychiatry. 1999 Oct;175:336-9. PubMed PMID: 10789300.

Kandil E, Dackiw AP, Alabbas H, Abdullah O, Tufaro AP, Tufano RP. A profile of patients with hyperparathyroidism undergoing lithium therapy for affective psychiatric disorders. Head Neck. 2011 Jul;33(7):925-7. PubMed PMID: 21557377.

Kelly DL, Wehring HJ, Earl AK, Sullivan KM, Dickerson FB, Feldman S, McMahon RP, Buchanan RW, Warfel D, Keller WR, Fischer BA, Shim JC. Treating symptomatic hyperprolactinemia in women with schizophrenia: presentation of the ongoing DAAMSEL clinical trial (Dopamine partial Agonist, Aripiprazole, for the Management of Symptomatic ELevated prolactin). BMC Psychiatry. 2013 Aug 22;13:214. PubMed PMID: 23968123; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3766216.

Khandwala HM, Van Uum S. Reversible hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism associated with lithium therapy: case report and review of literature. Endocr Pract. 2006 Jan-Feb;12(1):54-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 16524864.

Kibirige D, Luzinda K, Ssekitoleko R. Spectrum of lithium induced thyroid abnormalities: a current perspective. Thyroid Res. 2013 Feb 7;6(1):3. PubMed PMID: 23391071; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3568739.

Kleiner J, Altshuler L, Hendrick V, Hershman JM. Lithium-induced subclinical hypothyroidism: review of the literature and guidelines for treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999 Apr;60(4):249-55. Review. PubMed PMID: 10221287.

Lahiri KD, Baruah M, Ghosh J, Sengupta S. Establishment of reference interval of serum prolactin in an Indian population. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014 Jul;8(7):CC08-10. PubMed PMID: 25177560; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4149066.

Lally J, Lee B, McDonald C. Prevalence of hypercalcaemia in patients on maintenance lithium therapy monitored in primary care. Ir Med J. 2013 Jan;106(1):15-7. Erratum in: Ir Med J. 2013 Feb;106(2):62. PubMed PMID: 23472370.

Lehmann SW, Lee J. Lithium-associated hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: what do we know? J Affect Disord. 2013 Apr 5;146(2):151-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 22985484.

Levy A. Interpreting raised serum prolactin results. BMJ. 2014 May 23;348:g3207. PubMed PMID: 24859901.

Lienert D, Rege S. Moans, stones, groans, bones and psychiatric overtones: lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;42(2):171-3. PubMed PMID: 18350681.

Livingstone C, Rampes H. Lithium: a review of its metabolic adverse effects. J Psychopharmacol. 2006 May;20(3):347-55. Epub 2005 Sep 20. Review. PubMed PMID: 16174674.

Lozano R, Marin R, Santacruz MJ, Pascual A. Sustained Hyperparathyroidism Among Patients Treated With Lithium. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Apr;36(2):190-1. PubMed PMID: 26848789.

Marken PA, Haykal RF, Fisher JN. Management of psychotropic-induced hyperprolactinemia. Clin Pharm. 1992 Oct;11(10):851-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 1341991.

Marti JL, Yang CS, Carling T, Roman SA, Sosa JA, Donovan P, Guoth MS, Heller KS, Udelsman R. Surgical approach and outcomes in patients with lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012 Oct;19(11):3465-71. doi: 10.1245/s10434-012-2367-6. Epub 2012 Jun 6. PubMed PMID: 22669448.

McKnight RF, Adida M, Budge K, Stockton S, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR. Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012 Feb 25;379(9817):721-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 22265699.

Meehan AD, Humble MB, Yazarloo P, Järhult J, Wallin G. The prevalence of lithium associated hyperparathyroidism in a large Swedish population attending psychiatric outpatient units. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015 Jun;35(3):279-85. PubMed PMID: 25853371

Meehan AD, Udumyan R, Kardell M, Landén M, Järhult J, Wallin G. Lithium-Associated Hypercalcemia: Pathophysiology, Prevalence, Management. World J Surg. 2018 Feb;42(2):415-424. PubMed PMID: 29260296; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5762804.

Meltzer HY, Fleming R. Effect of buspirone on prolactin and growth hormone secretion in laboratory rodents and man. J Clin Psychiatry. 1982 Dec;43(12 Pt 2):76-9. PubMed PMID: 6130077.

Meltzer HY, Flemming R, Robertson A. The effect of buspirone on prolactin and growth hormone secretion in man. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983 Oct;40(10):1099-102. PubMed PMID: 6138009.

Pacchiarotti I, Murru A, Kotzalidis GD, Bonnin CM, Mazzarini L, Colom F, Vieta E. Hyperprolactinemia and medications for bipolar disorder: systematic review of a neglected issue in clinical practice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015 Aug;25(8):1045-59. Review. PubMed PMID: 25937241.

Pamathy G, Jayarajah U, Wangmo T, Banagala ASK. Lithium-induced Symptomatic Hypercalcemia and Hyperparathyroidism in a Patient with Bipolar Affective Disorder: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Indian J Psychol Med. 2018 Jul-Aug;40(4):378-380. PubMed PMID: 30093752; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6065126.

Peuskens J, Pani L, Detraux J, De Hert M. The effects of novel and newly approved antipsychotics on serum prolactin levels: a comprehensive review. CNS Drugs. 2014 May;28(5):421-53. Review. PubMed PMID: 24677189; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4022988.

Shapiro HI, Davis KA. Hypercalcemia and “primary” hyperparathyroidism during lithium therapy. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Jan;172(1):12-5. PubMed PMID: 25553494.

Shim JC, Shin JG, Kelly DL, Jung DU, Seo YS, Liu KH, Shon JH, Conley RR. Adjunctive treatment with a dopamine partial agonist, aripiprazole, for antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: a placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;164(9):1404-10. PubMed PMID: 17728426.

Shine B, McKnight RF, Leaver L, Geddes JR. Long-term effects of lithium on renal, thyroid, and parathyroid function: a retrospective analysis of laboratory data. Lancet. 2015 Aug 1;386(9992):461-8. PubMed PMID: 26003379.

Sloand JA, Shelly MA. Normalization of lithium-induced hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism with cinacalcet hydrochloride. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006 Nov;48(5):832-7. PubMed PMID: 17060004.

Souberbielle JC, Cavalier E, Cormier C. How to manage an isolated elevated PTH? Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2015 May;76(2):134-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.03.005. Epub 2015 Apr 13. Review. PubMed PMID: 25882890.

Sternbach H. Venlafaxine-induced galactorrhea. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003 Feb;23(1):109-10. PubMed PMID: 12544389.

Suda DA, Schlickman PW, Perry PJ. The clinical dilemma of lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism in a treatment responsive patient: a case report. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Apr-Jun;18(2):131-2. PubMed PMID: 16754420.

Szalat A, Mazeh H, Freund HR. Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism: report of four cases and review of the literature. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Feb;160(2):317-23. doi: 10.1530/EJE-08-0620. Epub 2008 Nov 10. Review. PubMed PMID: 19001061.

Twigt BA, Houweling BM, Vriens MR, Regeer EJ, Kupka RW, Rinkes IH, Valk GD. Hypercalcemia in patients with bipolar disorder treated with lithium: a cross-sectional study. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2013 Sep 16;1:18. PubMed PMID: 25505684; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4230442.

Yeh MW, Ituarte PH, Zhou HC, Nishimoto S, Liu IL, Harari A, Haigh PI, Adams AL. Incidence and prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism in a racially mixed population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Mar;98(3):1122-9. PubMed PMID: 23418315; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3590475.

Chapter 8. Eyes

Carter JG, Schmidt R, Carter PA. Treating blurred vision associated with antipsychotic medication. Am J Psychiatry. 1977 Aug;134(8):941. PubMed PMID: 879373

Chen HY, Lin CL, Lai SW, Kao CH. Association of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Use and Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Jun;77(6):e692-6. PubMed PMID: 27135704.

Chen VC, Ng MH, Chiu WC, McIntyre RS, Lee Y, Lin TY, Weng JC, Chen PC, Hsu CY. Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on glaucoma: A nationwide population-based study. PLoS One. 2017 Mar 3;12(3):e0173005. PubMed PMID: 28257449; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5336262.

Costagliola C, Parmeggiani F, Sebastiani A. SSRIs and intraocular pressure modifications: evidence, therapeutic implications and possible mechanisms. CNS Drugs. 2004;18(8):475-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 15182218.

Costagliola C, Parmeggiani F, Semeraro F, Sebastiani A. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a review of its effects on intraocular pressure. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2008 Dec;6(4):293-310. PubMed PMID: 19587851; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2701282.

Golberg J, Ernst C. Managing the Side Effects of Psychotropic Medications. Amer Psychiatric Pub Inc; Revised edition, 2018.

Karadağ H, Acar M, Özdel K. Aripiprazole Induced Acute Transient Bilateral Myopia: A Case Report. Balkan Med J. 2015 Apr;32(2):230-2. PubMed PMID: 26167352; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4432708.

Malone DA Jr, Camara EG, Krug JH Jr. Ophthalmologic effects of psychotropic medications. Psychosomatics. 1992 Summer;33(3):271-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 1410200.

McDougal DH, Gamlin PD. Autonomic control of the eye. Compr Physiol. 2015 Jan;5(1):439-73. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c140014. Review. PubMed PMID: 25589275; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4919817.

Oshika T. Ocular adverse effects of neuropsychiatric agents. Incidence and management. Drug Saf. 1995 Apr;12(4):256-63. Review. PubMed PMID: 7646824.

Richa S, Yazbek JC. Ocular adverse effects of common psychotropic agents: a review. CNS Drugs. 2010 Jun;24(6):501-26. Review. PubMed PMID: 20443647.

Seitz DP, Campbell RJ, Bell CM, Gill SS, Gruneir A, Herrmann N, Newman AM, Anderson G, Rochon PA. Short-term exposure to antidepressant drugs and risk of acute angle-closure glaucoma among older adults. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jun;32(3):403-7. PubMed PMID: 22544015.

Shapiro AK. More on drug-induced blurred vision. Am J Psychiatry. 1977 Dec;134(12):1449. PubMed PMID: 920863.

Uzun S, Kozumplik O, Folnegovic-Smalc V, Jukic V, Petrinovic-Doresic J, Dorn L, Milas DZ, Mimica N. Treatment with risperidone and occurrence of blurred vision: a question of higher dosage. Can J Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;49(9):647. PubMed PMID: 15503746. Blurred vision improved in two weeks after the dose of risperidone was reduced but couldn’t it also have been due to development of tolerance?

Chapter 9. Gastrointestinal tract

Abraham B, Sellin JH. Drug-induced diarrhea. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007 Oct;9(5):365-72. Review. PubMed PMID: 17991336.

Asconapé JJ, Penry JK, Dreifuss FE, Riela A, Mirza W. Valproate-associated pancreatitis. Epilepsia. 1993 Jan-Feb;34(1):177-83. PubMed PMID: 8422855.

Bale JF Jr, Gay PE, Madsen JA. Monitoring of serum amylase levels during valproic acid therapy. Ann Neurol. 1982 Feb;11(2):217-8. PubMed PMID: 6176180.

Chapman SA, Wacksman GP, Patterson BD. Pancreatitis associated with valproic acid: a review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy. 2001 Dec;21(12):1549-60. Review. PubMed PMID: 11765305.

Chougule A, Praharaj SK, Bhat SM, Sharma PSVN. Prevalence and Factors Associated With Clozapine-Related Constipation: An Observational Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018 Feb;38(1):42-46. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000824. PubMed PMID: 29257785.

Chukhin E, Takala P, Hakko H, Raidma M, Putkonen H, Räsänen P, Terevnikov V, Stenberg JH, Eronen M, Joffe G. In a randomized placebo-controlled add-on study orlistat significantly reduced clozapine-induced constipation. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Mar;28(2):67-70. doi: 10.1097/YIC.0b013e32835b08d2. PubMed PMID: 23187856.

Citrome L, McEvoy JP, Saklad SR. Guide to the Management of Clozapine-Related Tolerability and Safety Concerns. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. Fall 2016;10(3):163-177. Review. PubMed PMID: 27732102.

Cofini M, Quadrozzi F, Favoriti P, Favoriti M, Cofini G. Valproic acid-induced acute pancreatitis in pediatric age: case series and review of literature. G Chir. 2015 Jul-Aug;36(4):158-60. Review. PubMed PMID: 26712070; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4732585.

Davis C, Fattore L, Kaplan AS, Carter JC, Levitan RD, Kennedy JL. The suppression of appetite and food consumption by methylphenidate: the moderating effects of gender and weight status in healthy adults. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012 Mar;15(2):181-7. PubMed PMID: 21733284.

Daviss WB, Scott J. A chart review of cyproheptadine for stimulant-induced weight loss. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004 Spring;14(1):65-73. PubMed PMID: 15142393.

Drew L, Herdson P. Clozapine and constipation: a serious issue. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1997 Feb;31(1):149-50. PubMed PMID: 9088503.

Dunner et al. Clinical consequences of initial duloxetine dosing strategies: Comparison of 30 and 60 mg QD starting doses. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2005;66(6):522-40. PubMed PMID: 24678074

Edström A, Persson G. Comparison of side effects with coated lithium carbonate tablets and lithium sulphate preparations giving medium-slow and slow-release. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1977 Feb;55(2):153-8. PubMed PMID: 320832.

Ellis P, Harrison-Woolrych M, McLean R. Clozapine – fatal constipation more common than fatal agranulocytosis. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2006 Dec;18(6):285. doi: 10.1017/S0924270800031148. PubMed PMID: 27397272.

Every-Palmer S, Newton-Howes G, Clarke MJ. Pharmacological Treatment for Antipsychotic-Related Constipation. Schizophr Bull. 2017 May;43(3):490-492. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbx011. Epub 2017 Feb 14. PubMed PMID: 28204805; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5463924.

Food and Drug Administration. FDA strengthens warning that untreated constipation caused by schizophrenia medicine clozapine (Clozaril) can lead to serious bowel problems. January 28, 2020, FDA Drug Safety Communication. Last accessed March 25, 2020.

Gerstner T, Büsing D, Bell N, Longin E, Kasper JM, Klostermann W, Hebing B, Hanefeld F, Eckel U, Hoffmann R, Bettendorf U, Weidner B, Wiemer-Kruel A, Brockmann K, Neumann FW, Sandrieser T, Wolff M, König S. Valproic acid-induced pancreatitis: 16 new cases and a review of the literature. J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan;42(1):39-48. Review. PubMed PMID: 17322992.

Grandjean EM, Aubry JM. Lithium: updated human knowledge using an evidence-based approach: part III: clinical safety. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(5):397-418. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200923050-00004. Review. PubMed PMID: 19453201.

Grauso-Eby NL, Goldfarb O, Feldman-Winter LB, McAbee GN. Acute pancreatitis in children from Valproic acid: case series and review. Pediatr Neurol. 2003 Feb;28(2):145-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 12699868.

Hayes G, Gibler B. Clozapine-induced constipation. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Feb;152(2):298. PubMed PMID: 7840373.

Hibbard KR, Propst A, Frank DE, Wyse J. Fatalities associated with clozapine-related constipation and bowel obstruction: a literature review and two case reports. Psychosomatics. 2009 Jul-Aug;50(4):416-9. doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.50.4.416. Review. PubMed PMID: 19687183.

Hilger E, Quiner S, Ginzel I, Walter H, Saria L, Barnas C. The effect of orlistat on plasma levels of psychotropic drugs in patients with long-term psychopharmacotherapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Feb;22(1):68-70. PubMed PMID: 11799345.

Ingimarsson O, MacCabe JH, Sigurdsson E. Constipation, ileus and medication use during clozapine treatment in patients with schizophrenia in Iceland. Nord J Psychiatry. 2018 Oct;72(7):497-500. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2018.1517189. Epub 2018 Oct 22. PubMed PMID: 30348045.

Jeppsson J, Sjögren J. The influence of food on side effects and absorption of lithium. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1975 May;51(4):285-8. PubMed PMID: 1096537.

Joffe G, Takala P, Tchoukhine E, Hakko H, Raidma M, Putkonen H, Eronen M, Räsänen P. Orlistat in clozapine- or olanzapine-treated patients with overweight or obesity: a 16-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 May;69(5):706-11. PubMed PMID: 18426261.

Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, Nelson RL. Lactulose versus Polyethylene Glycol for Chronic Constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jul 7;(7):CD007570. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007570.pub2. Review. PubMed PMID: 20614462.

Levin TT, Barrett J, Mendelowitz A. Death from clozapine-induced constipation: case report and literature review. Psychosomatics. 2002 Jan-Feb;43(1):71-3. Review. PubMed PMID: 11927763.

Meyer JM, Cummings MA. Lubiprostone for treatment-resistant constipation associated with clozapine use. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014 Jul;130(1):71-2. doi: 10.1111/acps.12259. PubMed PMID: 24912951.

Mohan I, Wendelborn K. Constipation associated with clozapine: need for closer monitoring. Australas Psychiatry. 2016 Feb;24(1):97. doi: 10.1177/1039856215604487. PubMed PMID: 26850951.

Nielsen J, Correll CU, Manu P, Kane JM. Termination of clozapine treatment due to medical reasons: when is it warranted and how can it be avoided? J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Jun;74(6):603-13; quiz 613. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12r08064. Review. PubMed PMID: 23842012.

Öhlund L, Ott M, Oja S, Bergqvist M, Lundqvist R, Sandlund M, Salander Renberg E, Werneke U. Reasons for lithium discontinuation in men and women with bipolar disorder: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Psychiatry. 2018 Feb 7;18(1):37. doi: 10.1186/s12888-018-1622-1. Erratum in: BMC Psychiatry. 2018 Oct 3;18(1):322. PubMed PMID: 29415689; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5804058.

Oke V, Schmidt F, Bhattarai B, Basunia M, Agu C, Kaur A, Enriquez D, Quist J, Salhan D, Gayam V, Mungikar P. Unrecognized clozapine-related constipation leading to fatal intra-abdominal sepsis – a case report. Int Med Case Rep J. 2015 Sep 11;8:189-92. doi: 10.2147/IMCRJ.S86716. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID: 26392790; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4573205.

Persson G. Lithium side effects in relation to dose and to levels and gradients of lithium in plasma. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1977 Mar;55(3):208-13. PubMed PMID: 848339.

Poetter CE, Stewart JT. Treatment of clozapine-induced constipation with bethanechol. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Oct;33(5):713-4. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182a1160d. PubMed PMID: 23963061.

Rege S, Lafferty T. Life-threatening constipation associated with clozapine. Australas Psychiatry. 2008 Jun;16(3):216-9. doi: 10.1080/10398560701882203. PubMed PMID: 18568631.

Sagy R, Weizman A, Katz N. Pharmacological and behavioral management of some often-overlooked clozapine-induced side effects. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014 Nov;29(6):313-7. doi: 10.1097/YIC.0000000000000044. Review. PubMed PMID: 24932886.

Shirazi A, Stubbs B, Gomez L, Moore S, Gaughran F, Flanagan RJ, MacCabe JH, Lally J. Prevalence and Predictors of Clozapine-Associated Constipation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Jun 2;17(6). pii: E863. doi: 10.3390/ijms17060863. Review. PubMed PMID: 27271593; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4926397.

Tchoukhine E, Takala P, Hakko H, Raidma M, Putkonen H, Räsänen P, Terevnikov V, Stenberg JH, Eronen M, Joffe G. Orlistat in clozapine- or olanzapine-treated patients with overweight or obesity: a 16-week open-label extension phase and both phases of a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Mar;72(3):326-30. doi: 10.4088/JCP.09m05283yel. Epub 2010 Aug 24. PubMed PMID: 20816037.

Thomas N, Jain N, Connally F, Yeung JM, Pantelis C. Prucalopride in clozapine-induced constipation. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018 Aug;52(8):804. doi: 10.1177/0004867418774413. Epub 2018 May 11. PubMed PMID: 29749251.

Vestergaard P, Poulstrup I, Schou M. Prospective studies on a lithium cohort. 3. Tremor, weight gain, diarrhea, psychological complaints. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1988 Oct;78(4):434-41. PubMed PMID: 3227963.

Whitmyer et al. A comparison of initial duloxetine dosing strategies in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(12):1921-30. PubMed PMID: 18162024.

Yazdani K, Lippmann M, Gala I. Fatal pancreatitis associated with valproic acid: review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2002 Jul;81(4):305-10. Review. PubMed PMID: 12169885.

Chapter 10. Genitals/Sexuality

Aizenberg D, Zemishlany Z, Weizman A. Cyproheptadine treatment of sexual dysfunction induced by serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1995 Aug;18(4):320-4. PubMed PMID: 8665544.

Aldemir M, Keles I, Karalar M, Tecer E, Adalı F, Pektas MB, Parlar AI, Darçın OT. Nebivolol compared with metoprolol for erectile function in males undergoing coronary artery bypass graft. Anatol J Cardiol. 2016 Feb;16(2):131-6. PubMed PMID: 26467373; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5336728.

Alhathal N, Elshal AM, Carrier S. Synergetic effect of testosterone and phophodiesterase-5 inhibitors in hypogonadal men with erectile dysfunction: A systematic review. Can Urol Assoc J. 2012 Aug;6(4):269-74. PubMed PMID: 23093538; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3433544.

Arnott S, Nutt D. Successful treatment of fluvoxamine-induced anorgasmia by cyproheptadine. Br J Psychiatry. 1994 Jun;164(6):838-9. PubMed PMID: 7952994.

Bacon CG, Mittleman MA, Kawachi I, Giovannucci E, Glasser DB, Rimm EB. A prospective study of risk factors for erectile dysfunction. J Urol. 2006 Jul;176(1):217-21. PubMed PMID: 16753404.

Bacon CG, Mittleman MA, Kawachi I, Giovannucci E, Glasser DB, Rimm EB. Sexual function in men older than 50 years of age: results from the health professionals follow-up study. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Aug 5;139(3):161-8. PubMed PMID: 12899583.

Battaglia C, Venturoli S. Persistent genital arousal disorder and trazodone. Morphometric and vascular modifications of the clitoris. A case report. J Sex Med. 2009 Oct;6(10):2896-900. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01418.x. Epub 2009 Aug 11. PMID: 19674253.

Baumhäkel M, Schlimmer N, Kratz M, Hackett G, Jackson G, Böhm M. Cardiovascular risk, drugs and erectile function–a systematic analysis. Int J Clin Pract. 2011 Mar;65(3):289-98. Review. PubMed PMID: 21314866.

Berk M, Acton M. Citalopram-associated clitoral priapism: a case series. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997 Mar;12(2):121-2. PubMed PMID: 9219048.

Bobes J, González MP, Bascarán MT, Clayton A, Garcia M, Rico-Villade Moros F, Banús S. Evaluating changes in sexual functioning in depressed patients: sensitivity to change of the CSFQ. J Sex Marital Ther. 2002 Mar-Apr;28(2):93-103. PubMed PMID: 11894800.

Bobes J, Gonzalez MP, Rico-Villandemoros F, Bascaran MT, Sarasa P, Clayton A. Validation of the Spanish version of the Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ). J Sex Marital Ther. 2000 Apr-Jun;26(2):119-31. PubMed PMID: 10782444.

Bonierbale M, Lançon C, Tignol J. The ELIXIR study: evaluation of sexual dysfunction in 4557 depressed patients in France. Curr Med Res Opin. 2003;19(2):114-24. PubMed PMID: 12740155.

Brixius K, Middeke M, Lichtenthal A, Jahn E, Schwinger RH. Nitric oxide, erectile dysfunction and beta-blocker treatment (MR NOED study): benefit of nebivolol versus metoprolol in hypertensive men. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2007 Apr;34(4):327-31. PubMed PMID: 17324145.

Brock GB, McMahon CG, Chen KK, Costigan T, Shen W, Watkins V, Anglin G, Whitaker S. Efficacy and safety of tadalafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: results of integrated analyses. J Urol. 2002 Oct;168(4 Pt 1):1332-6. Erratum in: J Urol. 2005 Feb;173(2):664.

Brodie-Meijer CC, Diemont WL, Buijs PJ. Nefazodone-induced clitoral priapism. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 Jul;14(4):257-8. PubMed PMID: 10468320.

Bruzziches R, Francomano D, Gareri P, Lenzi A, Aversa A. An update on pharmacological treatment of erectile dysfunction with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2013 Jul;14(10):1333-44. Review. PubMed PMID: 23675780.

Bucur M, Mahmood T. Olanzapine-induced clitoral priapism. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 Oct;24(5):572-3. doi: 10.1097/01.jcp.0000138779.78633.0c. PMID: 15349027.

Buvat J, Lemaire A. Endocrine screening in 1,022 men with erectile dysfunction: clinical significance and cost-effective strategy. J Urol. 1997 Nov;158(5):1764-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 9334596.

Cao S, Yin X, Wang Y, Zhou H, Song F, Lu Z. Smoking and risk of erectile dysfunction: systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60443. Review. PubMed PMID: 23573257; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3616119.

Clayton AH, Warnock JK, Kornstein SG, Pinkerton R, Sheldon-Keller A, McGarvey EL. A placebo-controlled trial of bupropion SR as an antidote for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Jan;65(1):62-7. PubMed PMID: 14744170.

Chen L, Staubli SE, Schneider MP, Kessels AG, Ivic S, Bachmann LM, Kessler TM. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a trade-off network meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2015 Oct;68(4):674-80. Review. PubMed PMID: 25817916.

Cheng JW. Nebivolol: a third-generation beta-blocker for hypertension. Clin Ther. 2009 Mar;31(3):447-62. Review. PubMed PMID: 19393838.

Clayton AH, McGarvey EL, Clavet GJ. The Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ): development, reliability, and validity. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1997;33(4):731-45. PubMed PMID: 9493486.

Cocco G. Erectile dysfunction after therapy with metoprolol: the Hawthorne effect. Cardiology. 2009;112(3):174-7. PubMed PMID: 18654082.

Cohen AJ. Fluoxetine-induced yawning and anorgasmia reversed by cyproheptadine treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992 May;53(5):174. PubMed PMID: 1592848.

Cordero A, Bertomeu-Martínez V, Mazón P, Fácila L, Bertomeu-González V, Conthe P, González-Juanatey JR. Erectile dysfunction in high-risk hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockade agents. Cardiovasc Ther. 2010 Spring;28(1):15-22. PubMed PMID: 20074255.

Cordero A, Bertomeu-Martínez V, Mazón P, Fácila L, González-Juanatey JR. Erectile dysfunction may improve by blood pressure control in patients with high-risk hypertension. Postgrad Med. 2010 Nov;122(6):51-6. PubMed PMID: 21084782.

Cruickshank JM. Beta-blockers and heart failure. Indian Heart J. 2010 Mar-Apr;62(2):101-10. Review. PubMed PMID: 21180298.

DeBattista C, Solvason B, Poirier J, Kendrick E, Loraas E. A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study of adjunctive bupropion sustained release in the treatment of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Jul;66(7):844-8. PubMed PMID: 16013899.

Decastro RM. Reversal of MAOI-induced anorgasmia with cyproheptadine. Am J Psychiatry. 1985 Jun;142(6):783. PubMed PMID: 4039897.

Derby CA, Mohr BA, Goldstein I, Feldman HA, Johannes CB, McKinlay JB. Modifiable risk factors and erectile dysfunction: can lifestyle changes modify risk? Urology. 2000 Aug 1;56(2):302-6. PubMed PMID: 10925098.

Dording CM, Mischoulon D, Petersen TJ, Kornbluh R, Gordon J, Nierenberg AA, Rosenbaum JE, Fava M. The pharmacologic management of SSRI-induced side effects: a survey of psychiatrists. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Sep;14(3):143-7. PubMed PMID: 12585563.

Doumas M, Douma S. The effect of antihypertensive drugs on erectile function: a proposed management algorithm. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2006 May;8(5):359-64. Review. PubMed PMID: 16687945.

Doumas M, Tsakiris A, Douma S, Grigorakis A, Papadopoulos A, Hounta A, Tsiodras S, Dimitriou D, Giamarellou H. Beneficial effects of switching from beta-blockers to nebivolol on the erectile function of hypertensive patients. Asian J Androl. 2006 Mar;8(2):177-82. PubMed PMID: 16491268.

Erdmann E. Safety and tolerability of beta-blockers: prejudices & reality. Indian Heart J. 2010 Mar-Apr;62(2):132-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 21180303.

Feder R. Reversal of antidepressant activity of fluoxetine by cyproheptadine in three patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Apr;52(4):163-4. PubMed PMID: 2016249.

Franzen D, Metha A, Seifert N, Braun M, Höpp HW. Effects of beta-blockers on sexual performance in men with coronary heart disease. A prospective, randomized and double blinded study. Int J Impot Res. 2001 Dec;13(6):348-51. PubMed PMID: 11918251.

Gerbild H, Larsen CM, Graugaard C, Areskoug Josefsson K. Physical Activity to Improve Erectile Function: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies. Sex Med. 2018 Apr 13. pii: S2050-1161(18)30029-1. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID: 29661646.

Glina S, Sharlip ID, Hellstrom WJ. Modifying risk factors to prevent and treat erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2013 Jan;10(1):115-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 22971247.

Goldbloom DS, Kennedy SH. Adverse interaction of fluoxetine and cyproheptadine in two patients with bulimia nervosa. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Jun;52(6):261-2. PubMed PMID: 2055898.

Goldstein I. Medical and surgical management of clitoral priapism. J Sex Med. 2014 Dec;11(12):2838-41. doi: 10.1111/jsm.12772. Review. PubMed PMID: 25471141.

Gong B, Ma M, Xie W, Yang X, Huang Y, Sun T, Luo Y, Huang J. Direct comparison of tadalafil with sildenafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2017 Oct;49(10):1731-1740. PubMed PMID: 28741090; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5603624.

Gupta S, Wright HM. Nebivolol: a highly selective beta1-adrenergic receptor blocker that causes vasodilation by increasing nitric oxide. Cardiovasc Ther. 2008 Fall;26(3):189-202. Review. PubMed PMID: 18786089.

Gür Ö, Gurkan S, Yumun G, Turker P. The Comparison of the Effects of Nebivolol and Metoprolol on Erectile Dysfunction in the Cases with Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017 Apr 20;23(2):91-95. PubMed PMID: 28302931; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5422634.

Hackett G. Hypertensive medication and erectile dysfunction. Cardiovasc Ther. 2010 Spring;28(1):5-7. PubMed PMID: 20074253.

Hannan JL, Maio MT, Komolova M, Adams MA. Beneficial impact of exercise and obesity interventions on erectile function and its risk factors. J Sex Med. 2009 Mar;6 Suppl 3:254-61. Review. PubMed PMID: 19170860.

Hehemann MC, Kashanian JA. Can lifestyle modification affect men’s erectile function? Transl Androl Urol. 2016 Apr;5(2):187-94. Review. PubMed PMID: 27141445; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4837314.

Jaarsma T, Moser DK. beta-Blockers and sexual problems. Eur Heart J. 2004 Apr;25(7):617; author reply 617-8. PubMed PMID: 15120058.

Jain P, Rademaker AW, McVary KT. Testosterone supplementation for erectile dysfunction: results of a meta-analysis. J Urol. 2000 Aug;164(2):371-5. PubMed PMID: 10893588.

Javanbakht A. As-needed use of cyproheptadine for treatment of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-related female anorgasmia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015 Feb;35(1):91-3. PubMed PMID: 25502486.

Jayaram G, Rao P. Safety of trazodone as a sleep agent for inpatients. Psychosomatics. 2005 Jul-Aug;46(4):367-9. PubMed PMID: 16000681.

Cyproheptadine Prescribing Information. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/087056s045lbl.pdf

Jeffries JJ, Walker C. Cyproheptadine and drug-induced anorgasmia. Can J Psychiatry. 1987 Feb;32(1):79. PubMed PMID: 2880654.

Keller A, McGarvey EL, Clayton AH. Reliability and construct validity of the Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire short-form (CSFQ-14). J Sex Marital Ther. 2006 Jan-Feb;32(1):43-52. PubMed PMID: 16234225.

Lauerma H. Successful treatment of citalopram-induced anorgasmia by cyproheptadine. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996 Jan;93(1):69-70. PubMed PMID: 8919332.

Maffei A, Lembo G. Nitric oxide mechanisms of nebivolol. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Aug;3(4):317-27. Review. PubMed PMID: 19443516.

Mago R, Mahajan R, Borra D. Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction: An updated review. Current Sexual Health Reports. 2014;6(3):177-183.

Manolis A, Doumas M. Antihypertensive treatment and sexual dysfunction. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2012 Aug;14(4):285-92. Review. PubMed PMID: 22581395.

Manolis A, Doumas M. Sexual dysfunction: the ‘prima ballerina’ of hypertension-related quality-of-life complications. J Hypertens. 2008 Nov;26(11):2074-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 18854743.

Masand PS, Ashton AK, Gupta S, Frank B. Sustained-release bupropion for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 May;158(5):805-7. PubMed PMID: 11329407.

McCormick S, Olin J, Brotman AW. Reversal of fluoxetine-induced anorgasmia by cyproheptadine in two patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990 Sep;51(9):383-4. PubMed PMID: 2211550.

McGahuey CA, Gelenberg AJ, Laukes CA, Moreno FA, Delgado PL, McKnight KM, Manber R. The Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX): reliability and validity. J Sex Marital Ther. 2000 Jan-Mar;26(1):25-40. PubMed PMID: 10693114.

Medina CA. Clitoral priapism: a rare condition presenting as a cause of vulvar pain. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Nov;100(5 Pt 2):1089-91. PubMed PMID: 12423816.

Mikhail N. Management of erectile dysfunction by the primary care physician. Cleve Clin J Med. 2005 Apr;72(4):293-4, 296-7, 301-5 passim. Review. PubMed PMID: 15850242.

Miller CH, Fleischhacker WW. Managing Antipsychotic-induced acute and chronic akathisia. Drug Safety 2000; 22 (1): 73-81. PubMed PMID: 10647977.

Montejo AL, Llorca G, Izquierdo JA, Rico-Villademoros F. Incidence of sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressant agents: a prospective multicenter study of 1022 outpatients. Spanish Working Group for the Study of Psychotropic-Related Sexual Dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62 Suppl 3:10-21. PubMed PMID: 11229449.

Montejo-González AL, Llorca G, Izquierdo JA, Ledesma A, Bousoño M, Calcedo A, Carrasco JL, Ciudad J, Daniel E, De la Gandara J, Derecho J, Franco M, Gomez MJ, Macias JA, Martin T, Perez V, Sanchez JM, Sanchez S, Vicens E. SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction: fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, and fluvoxamine in a prospective, multicenter, and descriptive clinical study of 344 patients. J Sex Marital Ther. 1997 Fall;23(3):176-94. Review. PubMed PMID: 9292833.

Myrick H, Markowitz JS, Henderson S. Priapism following trazodone overdose with cocaine use. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1998 Jun;10(2):81-3. PubMed PMID: 9669540. Ashton AK, Rosen RC. Accommodation to serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction. J Sex Marital Ther. 1998 Jul-Sep;24(3):191-2. PubMed PMID: 9670123.

Pescatori ES, Engelman JC, Davis G, Goldstein I. Priapism of the clitoris: a case report following trazodone use. J Urol. 1993 Jun;149(6):1557-9. PubMed PMID: 8501813. This was probably the first published case of clitoral priapism associated with the use of trazodone.

Reidenbach C, Schwinger RH, Steinritz D, Kehe K, Thiermann H, Klotz T, Sommer F, Bloch W, Brixius K. Nebivolol induces eNOS activation and NO-liberation in murine corpus cavernosum. Life Sci. 2007 Jun 6;80(26):2421-7. PubMed PMID: 17512554.

Rew KT, Heidelbaugh JJ. Erectile Dysfunction. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Nov 15;94(10):820-827. PubMed PMID: 27929275.

Riley AJ, Riley EJ. Cyproheptadine and antidepressant-induced anorgasmia. Br J Psychiatry. 1986 Feb;148:217-8. PubMed PMID: 3697592.

Rosenberg I, Aniskin D, Bernay L. Psychiatric treatment of patients predisposed to priapism induced by quetapine, trazadone and risperidone: a case report. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009 Jan-Feb;31(1):98. PubMed PMID: 19134518.

Rothschild AJ. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction: efficacy of a drug holiday. Am J Psychiatry. 1995; 152(10): 1514-6. PubMed PMID: 7573593.

Safarinejad MR. Retraction statement: The effects of the adjunctive bupropion on male sexual dysfunction induced by a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor: a double-blind placebo-controlled and randomized study. BJU Int. 2015 Mar;115(3):E11. doi: 10.1111/bju.13064. PubMed PMID: 25830186.

Safarinejad MR. Reversal of SSRI-induced female sexual dysfunction by adjunctive bupropion in menstruating women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized study. J Psychopharmacol. 2011 Mar;25(3):370-8. doi: 10.1177/0269881109351966. Epub 2010 Jan 15. PubMed PMID: 20080928.

Safarinejad MR. The effects of the adjunctive bupropion on male sexual dysfunction induced by a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor: a double-blind placebo-controlled and randomized study. BJU Int. 2010 Sep;106(6):840-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.09154.x. Epub 2010 Jan 8. Retraction in: Safarinejad MR. BJU Int. 2015 Mar;115(3):E11. PubMed PMID: 20067456.

Segraves RT. Reversing anorgasmia associated with serotonin uptake inhibitors. JAMA. 1991 Oct 23-30;266(16):2279. PubMed PMID: 1920732.

Sharp RP, Gales BJ. Nebivolol versus other beta blockers in patients with hypertension and erectile dysfunction. Ther Adv Urol. 2017 Feb;9(2):59-63. Review. PubMed PMID: 28203288; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5298412.

Silvestri A, Galetta P, Cerquetani E, Marazzi G, Patrizi R, Fini M, Rosano GM. Report of erectile dysfunction after therapy with beta-blockers is related to patient knowledge of side effects and is reversed by placebo. Eur Heart J. 2003 Nov;24(21):1928-32. PubMed PMID: 14585251.

Smith WB 2nd, McCaslin IR, Gokce A, Mandava SH, Trost L, Hellstrom WJ. PDE5 inhibitors: considerations for preference and long-term adherence. Int J Clin Pract. 2013 Aug;67(8):768-80. Review. PubMed PMID: 23869678.

Steele TE, Howell EF. Cyproheptadine for imipramine-induced anorgasmia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1986 Oct;6(5):326-7. PubMed PMID: 3771824.

Thompson JW Jr, Ware MR, Blashfield RK. Psychotropic medication and priapism: a comprehensive review. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990 Oct;51(10):430-3. PubMed PMID: 2211542.

Unger CA, Walters MD. Female clitoral priapism: an over-the-counter option for management. J Sex Med. 2014 Sep;11(9):2354-6. doi: 10.1111/jsm.12465. Epub 2014 Feb 18. PubMed PMID: 24533470.

Vacanti LJ, Caramelli B. Beta-blocking agents and erectile dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction: guilty or innocent? Eur Heart J. 2004 Apr;25(7):618; author reply 618-9. PubMed PMID: 15120060.

Viigimaa M, Vlachopoulos C, Lazaridis A, Doumas M. Management of erectile dysfunction in hypertension: Tips and tricks. World J Cardiol. 2014 Sep 26;6(9):908-15. Review. PubMed PMID: 25276292; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4176800.

Warner MD, Peabody CA, Whiteford HA, Hollister LE. Trazodone and priapism. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987 Jun;48(6):244-5. PubMed PMID: 3584080.

Wilson JR, Segal M, Riedel P, Acevedo P. Poster 321 Trazodone Associated Clitoral Priapism in a Transgender Man following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Report. PM R. 2016 Sep;8(9S):S265. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.07.491. Epub 2016 Sep 24. PMID: 27673077.

Yuan J, Zhang R, Yang Z, Lee J, Liu Y, Tian J, Qin X, Ren Z, Ding H, Chen Q, Mao C, Tang J. Comparative effectiveness and safety of oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2013 May;63(5):902-12. Review. PubMed PMID: 23395275.

Zajecka J. Strategies for the treatment of antidepressant-related sexual dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62 Suppl 3:35-43. Review. PubMed PMID: 11229451.

Zubieta JK, Demitrack MA. Depression after cyproheptadine: MAO treatment. Biol Psychiatry. 1992 Jun 1;31(11):1177-8. PubMed PMID: 1525285.

Chapter 11. Blood sugar

Cohen D, Correll CU. Second-generation antipsychotic-associated diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis: mechanisms, predictors, and screening need. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009 May;70(5):765-6. doi: 10.4088/jcp.09ac05255. PMID: 19552870.

De Hert M, Hanssens L, van Winkel R, Wampers M, Van Eyck D, Scheen A, Peuskens J. Reversibility of antipsychotic treatment-related diabetes in patients with schizophrenia: a case series of switching to aripiprazole. Diabetes Care. 2006 Oct;29(10):2329-30. doi: 10.2337/dc-06-1393. PMID: 17003321.

De Hert M, Hanssens L, van Winkel R, Wampers M, Van Eyck D, Scheen A, Peuskens J. A case series: evaluation of the metabolic safety of aripiprazole. Schizophr Bull. 2007 May;33(3):823-30. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbl037. Epub 2006 Aug 29. PMID: 16940338; PMCID: PMC2526132.

Dibben CR, Kalavalapalli SS, Linnington HE, Hynes FA, Dinneen SF, Adler AI, McKenna PJ. Diabetes associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment may be severe but reversible: case report. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2005;35(3):307-11. doi: 10.2190/B9RD-VMC4-CU8C-KFDD. PMID: 16480245.

Kim SH, Ivanova O, Abbasi FA, Lamendola CA, Reaven GM, Glick ID. Metabolic impact of switching antipsychotic therapy to aripiprazole after weight gain: a pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Aug;27(4):365-8. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3180a9076c. PMID: 17632220.

Koller E, Schneider B, Bennett K, Dubitsky G. Clozapine-associated diabetes. Am J Med. 2001 Dec 15;111(9):716-23. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(01)01000-2. PMID: 11747852.

Mallya A, Chawla P, Boyer SK, DeRosear L. Resolution of hyperglycemia on risperidone discontinuation: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 May;63(5):453-4. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v63n0513d. PMID: 12019673.

Polcwiartek C, Vang T, Bruhn CH, Hashemi N, Rosenzweig M, Nielsen J. Diabetic ketoacidosis in patients exposed to antipsychotics: a systematic literature review and analysis of Danish adverse drug event reports. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2016 Oct;233(21-22):3663-3672. doi: 10.1007/s00213-016-4411-x. Epub 2016 Sep 4. PMID: 27592232.

Strassnig M, Awerbuck J, Ganguli R. Diabetes resolution following discontinuation of a second-generation antipsychotic. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2013 Jan;6(4):202-3. doi: 10.3371/CSRP.STAW.01062013. PMID: 23302450.

Chapter 12. Liver

Adler LW, Regenold WT. Valproate-Related Hyperammonemia in Older Adult Psychiatric Inpatients. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2015 Apr 2;17(2). doi: 10.4088/PCC.14l01737. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID: 26445683; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4560181.

Aiyer R, Seide M, Stern RG. Valproic Acid Induced Hyperammonemia in a Long Time Treated Patient. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2016;2016:6242314. doi: 10.1155/2016/6242314. Epub 2016 Jul 19. PubMed PMID: 27516916; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4969522.

Ammonia, Plasma. LabCorp. Available at: https://www.labcorp.com/test-menu/19791/ammonia-plasma.

Ayyub OB, Behrens AM, Heligman BT, Natoli ME, Ayoub JJ, Cunningham G, Summar M, Kofinas P. Simple and inexpensive quantification of ammonia in whole blood. Mol Genet Metab. 2015 Jun-Jul;115(2-3):95-100. PubMed PMID: 25936660; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4462127.

Bocchetta A, Siddu A, Sardu C, Sarnicola A, Martinelli V. Ammonemia in bipolar patients on maintenance treatment with valproic acid. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Feb;32(1):148-50. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e318240a4a7. PubMed PMID: 22217957.

Brown LM, Cupples N, Moore TA. Levocarnitine for valproate-induced hyperammonemia in the psychiatric setting: A case series and literature review. Ment Health Clin. 2018 Apr 26;8(3):148-154. doi: 10.9740/mhc.2018.05.148. eCollection 2018 May. PubMed PMID: 29955560; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6007637.

Carr RB, Shrewsbury K. Hyperammonemia due to valproic acid in the psychiatric setting. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;164(7):1020-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 17606652.

Chicharro AV, de Marinis AJ, Kanner AM. The measurement of ammonia blood levels in patients taking valproic acid: looking for problems where they do not exist? Epilepsy Behav. 2007 Nov;11(3):361-6. Epub 2007 Sep 12. Review. PubMed PMID: 17845866.

Chopra A, Kolla BP, Mansukhani MP, Netzel P, Frye MA. Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy: an update on risk factors, clinical correlates and management. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012 May-Jun;34(3):290-8. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009. Epub 2012 Feb 2. PubMed PMID: 22305367.

Dealberto MJ. Valproate-induced hyperammonaemic encephalopathy: review of 14 cases in the psychiatric setting. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Nov;22(6):330-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 17917551.

Dorwart WV, Saner M. Heparinized plasma is an unacceptable specimen for ammonia determination. Clin Chem. 1992 Jan;38(1):161. PubMed PMID: 1733590.

Gundling F, Zelihic E, Seidl H, Haller B, Umgelter A, Schepp W, Dodt C. How to diagnose hepatic encephalopathy in the emergency department. Ann Hepatol. 2013 Jan-Feb;12(1):108-14. PubMed PMID: 23293201.

Katayama K. Ammonia metabolism and hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatol Res. 2004 Dec;30S:73-80. PubMed PMID: 15607143.

Lewis C, Deshpande A, Tesar GE, Dale R. Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy: a brief review. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012 Jun;28(6):1039-42. doi: 10.1185/03007995.2012.694362. Epub 2012 Jun 6. Review. PubMed PMID: 22587482.

Lheureux PE, Penaloza A, Zahir S, Gris M. Science review: carnitine in the treatment of valproic acid-induced toxicity – what is the evidence? Crit Care. 2005 Oct 5;9(5):431-40. Epub 2005 Jun 10. Review. PubMed PMID: 16277730; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1297603.

Maranda B, Cousineau J, Allard P, Lambert M. False positives in plasma ammonia measurement and their clinical impact in a pediatric population. Clin Biochem. 2007 May;40(8):531-5. PubMed PMID: 17408610.

Mock CM, Schwetschenau KH. Levocarnitine for valproic-acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2012 Jan 1;69(1):35-9. doi: 10.2146/ajhp110049. Review. PubMed PMID: 22180549.

Raja M, Azzoni A. Valproate-induced hyperammonaemia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Dec;22(6):631-3. PubMed PMID: 12454569.

Raskind JY, El-Chaar GM. The role of carnitine supplementation during valproic acid therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 2000 May;34(5):630-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 10852092.

Rousseau MC, Montana M, Villano P, Catala A, Blaya J, Valkov M, Allouard Y, Bugni E. Valproic acid-induced encephalopathy in very long course treated patients. Brain Inj. 2009 Nov;23(12):981-4. doi: 10.3109/02699050903302344. PubMed PMID: 19831495.

Segura-Bruna N, Rodriguez-Campello A, Puente V, Roquer J. Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2006 Jul;114(1):1-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 16774619.

Stewart JT. A case of hyperammonemic encephalopathy after 11 years of valproate therapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jun;28(3):361-2. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31817275b6. PubMed PMID: 18480705.

Thomas KL, La AQ, Punia S, Doroudgar S, Perry PJ. Valproic acid-induced hyperammonemia and minimal hepatic encephalopathy prevalence among psychiatric inpatients. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Feb;28(1):37-42. PubMed PMID: 26855984.

Tseng YL, Huang CR, Lin CH, Lu YT, Lu CH, Chen NC, Chang CC, Chang WN, Chuang YC. Risk factors of hyperammonemia in patients with epilepsy under valproic acid therapy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014 Sep;93(11):e66. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000066. PubMed PMID: 25192484; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4616274.

Urea Cycle Disorders Conference group. Consensus statement from a conference for the management of patients with urea cycle disorders. J Pediatr. 2001 Jan;138(1 Suppl):S1-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 11148543.

Verrotti A, Trotta D, Morgese G, Chiarelli F. Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis. 2002 Dec;17(4):367-73. Review. PubMed PMID: 12602513.

Wadzinski J, Franks R, Roane D, Bayard M. Valproate-associated hyperammonemic encephalopathy. J Am Board Fam Med. 2007 Sep-Oct;20(5):499-502. Review. PubMed PMID: 17823470.

Chapter 13. Mouth

Albayrak Y, Ekinci O. Duloxetine-induced nocturnal bruxism resolved by buspirone: case report. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2011 Jul-Aug;34(4):137-8. PubMed PMID: 21768799.

Alonso-Navarro H, Martín-Prieto M, Ruiz-Ezquerro JJ, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ. Bruxism possibly induced by venlafaxine. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2009 Mar-Apr;32(2):111-2. PubMed PMID: 19512964.

Astor FC, Hanft KL, Ciocon JO. Xerostomia: a prevalent condition in the elderly. Ear Nose Throat J. 1999 Jul;78(7):476-9. PubMed PMID: 10429321.

Atkinson JC, Grisius M, Massey W. Salivary hypofunction and xerostomia: diagnosis and treatment. Dent Clin North Am. 2005 Apr;49(2):309-26. Review. PubMed PMID: 15755407.

Babaee N, Gholizadehpasha A, Zahedpasha S, Moghadamnia Y, Zamaninejad S, Moghadamnia AA. Effects of milk curd on saliva secretion in healthy volunteer compared to baseline, 2% pilocarpine and equivalent pH adjusted acetic acid solutions. Indian J Dent Res. 2011 Jul-Aug;22(4):547-51. doi: 10.4103/0970-9290.90294. PubMed PMID: 22124050. Study from Iran.

Bernardi R, Perin C, Becker FL, Ramos GZ, Gheno GZ, Lopes LR, Pires M, Barros HM. Effect of pilocarpine mouthwash on salivary flow. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2002 Jan;35(1):105-10. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879×2002000100015. PMID: 11743622.

Bird AM, Smith TL, Walton AE. Current treatment strategies for clozapine-induced sialorrhea. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 May;45(5):667-75. PubMed PMID: 21540404.

Bostwick JM, Jaffee MS. Buspirone as an antidote to SSRI-induced bruxism in 4 cases. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;60(12):857-60. PubMed PMID: 10665633.

Brown ES, Hong SC. Antidepressant-induced bruxism successfully treated with gabapentin. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999 Oct;130(10):1467-9. PubMed PMID: 10570590.

Chang JP, Wu CC, Su KP. A case of venlafaxine-induced bruxism alleviated by duloxetine substitution. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jan 15;35(1):307. PubMed PMID: 21111016.

Chatterjee SS, Maji A, Mallik N. Paroxetine induced bruxism, treated with Buspirone : An unexplored entity. Bengal Journal of Psychiatry. 2013 Jan-June;19 (1): 29-31.

Cifuentes M, Del Barrio-Díaz P, Vera-Kellet C. Pilocarpine and artificial saliva for the treatment of xerostomia and xerophthalmia in Sjögren syndrome: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2018 Nov;179(5):1056-1061. doi: 10.1111/bjd.16442. Epub 2018 May 29. PMID: 29432648.

Çolak Sivri R, Akça ÖF. Buspirone in the Treatment of Fluoxetine-Induced Sleep Bruxism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016 Oct;26(8):762-763. PubMed PMID: 27315110.

Davies AN, Singer J. A comparison of artificial saliva and pilocarpine in radiation-induced xerostomia. J Laryngol Otol. 1994 Aug;108(8):663-5. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100127768. PMID: 7930915.

Ellison JM, Stanziani P. SSRI-associated nocturnal bruxism in four patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993 Nov;54(11):432-4. PubMed PMID: 8270587.

Falisi G, Rastelli C, Panti F, Maglione H, Quezada Arcega R. Psychotropic drugs and bruxism. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014 Oct;13(10):1319-26. PubMed PMID: 25195948.

Freudenreich O, Beebe M, Goff DC. Clozapine-induced sialorrhea treated with sublingual ipratropium spray: a case series. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 Feb;24(1):98-100. PubMed PMID: 14709958.

Frydrych AM, Davies GR, Slack-Smith LM, Heywood J. An investigation into the use of pilocarpine as a sialagogue in patients with radiation induced xerostomia. Aust Dent J. 2002 Sep;47(3):249-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2002.tb00337.x. PMID: 12405466.

Gil-Montoya JA, Silvestre FJ, Barrios R, Silvestre-Rangil J. Treatment of xerostomia and hyposalivation in the elderly: A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2016 May 1;21(3):e355-66. PubMed PMID: 27031061; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4867210.

Goto T, Kato M, Matsumura Y, Omata N, Yoshida M, Watanabe K, Takahashi T, Higashima M, Wada Y. Scopolamine Ointment for Clozapine-Associated Sialorrhea: A Case Report. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Feb;37(1):106-107. PubMed PMID: 27846048.

Hamlar DD, Schuller DE, Gahbauer RA, Buerki RA, Staubus AE, Hall J, Altman JS, Elzinga DJ, Martin MR. Determination of the efficacy of topical oral pilocarpine for postirradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 1996 Aug;106(8):972-6. doi: 10.1097/00005537-199608000-00011. PMID: 8699911.

Hazara R. Depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and bruxism. Dent Update. 2015 Dec;42(10):979. PubMed PMID: 26856008.

Iskandar JW, Wood B, Ali R, Wood RL. Successful monitoring of fluoxetine-induced nocturnal bruxism: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;73(3):366. PubMed PMID: 22490260.

Jaffee MS, Bostwick JM. Buspirone as an antidote to venlafaxine-induced bruxism. Psychosomatics. 2000 Nov-Dec;41(6):535-6. PubMed PMID: 11110119.

Kim JH, Ahn HJ, Choi JH, Jung DW, Kwon JS. Effect of 0.1% pilocarpine mouthwash on xerostomia: double-blind, randomised controlled trial. J Oral Rehabil. 2014 Mar;41(3):226-35. doi: 10.1111/joor.12127. PubMed PMID: 24527846.

Kishi Y. Paroxetine-induced bruxism effectively treated with tandospirone. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007 Winter;19(1):90-1. PubMed PMID: 17308240.

Kreinin A, Miodownik C, Mirkin V, Gaiduk Y, Yankovsky Y, Bersudsky Y, Lerner PP, Bergman J, Lerner V. Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Metoclopramide for Hypersalivation Associated With Clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Jun;36(3):200-5. PubMed PMID: 27028980.

Kulkarni RR. Low-dose Amisulpride for Debilitating Clozapine-induced Sialorrhea: Case Series and Review of Literature. Indian J Psychol Med. 2015 Oct-Dec;37(4):446-8. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.168592. PubMed PMID: 26702180; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4676214.

Kuloglu M, Ekinci O, Caykoylu A. Venlafaxine-associated nocturnal bruxism in a depressive patient successfully treated with buspirone. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Apr;24(4):627-8. PubMed PMID: 19264817.

Lakraj AA, Moghimi N, Jabbari B. Sialorrhea: anatomy, pathophysiology and treatment with emphasis on the role of botulinum toxins. Toxins (Basel). 2013 May 21;5(5):1010-31. PubMed PMID: 23698357; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3709276.

Landén M, Eriksson E, Agren H, Fahlén T. Effect of buspirone on sexual dysfunction in depressed patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 Jun;19(3):268-71. PubMed PMID: 10350034.

Leung JG, Schak KM. Potential problems surrounding the use of sublingually administered ophthalmic atropine for sialorrhea. Schizophr Res. 2016 Dec 30. pii: S0920-9964(16)30603-X. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28043733.

Li KX, Loshak H. Pilocarpine for Medication-induced Dry Mouth and Dry Eyes: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Guidelines [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2019 Dec 11. PMID: 32129966.

Liang CS, Ho PS, Shen LJ, Lee WK, Yang FW, Chiang KT. Comparison of the efficacy and impact on cognition of glycopyrrolate and biperiden for clozapine-induced sialorrhea in schizophrenic patients: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Schizophr Res. 2010 Jun;119(1-3):138-44. PubMed PMID: 20299191.

Lin XL, Tang SY. Sodium valproate may be a treatment for sleep bruxism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013 Nov;23(9):636-7. PubMed PMID: 24168714.

Lobbezoo F, van Denderen RJ, Verheij JG, Naeije M. Reports of SSRI-associated bruxism in the family physician’s office. J Orofac Pain. 2001 Fall;15(4):340-6. PubMed PMID: 12400402.

Maher S, Cunningham A, O’Callaghan N, Byrne F, Mc Donald C, McInerney S, Hallahan B. Clozapine-induced hypersalivation: an estimate of prevalence, severity and impact on quality of life. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2016 Jun;6(3):178-84. PubMed PMID: 27354906; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4910403.

Man WH, Colen-de Koning JC, Schulte PF, Cahn W, van Haelst IM, Doodeman HJ, Egberts TC, Heerdink ER, Wilting I. The Effect of Glycopyrrolate on Nocturnal Sialorrhea in Patients Using Clozapine: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Apr;37(2):155-161. PubMed PMID: 28129312.

Masters KJ. Pilocarpine treatment of xerostomia induced by psychoactive medications. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 May;162(5):1023. PubMed PMID: 15863819.

Milanlioglu A. Paroxetine-induced severe sleep bruxism successfully treated with buspirone. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2012;67(2):191-2. PubMed PMID: 22358247; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3275112.

Miyaoka T, Yasukawa R, Mihara T, Shimizu Y, Tsubouchi K, Maeda T, Mizuno S, Uegaki J, Inagaki T, Horiguchi J, Tachibana H. Successful electroconvulsive therapy in major depression with fluvoxamine-induced bruxism. J ECT. 2003 Sep;19(3):170-2. PubMed PMID: 12972988.

Mukherjee S, Sen S, Biswas A, Chatterjee SS, Tripathi SK. Escitalopram Induced Bruxism: A Case Report. Sch. J. App. Med. Sci., 2014; 2(3D):1162-1163.

Nikles J, Mitchell GK, Hardy J, Agar M, Senior H, Carmont SA, Schluter PJ, Good P, Vora R, Currow D. Do pilocarpine drops help dry mouth in palliative care patients: a protocol for an aggregated series of n-of-1 trials. BMC Palliat Care. 2013 Oct 31;12(1):39. doi: 10.1186/1472-684X-12-39. PubMed PMID: 24176001; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3827871.

Nikles J, Mitchell GK, Hardy J, Agar M, Senior H, Carmont SA, Schluter PJ, Good P, Vora R, Currow D. Testing pilocarpine drops for dry mouth in advanced cancer using n-of-1 trials: A feasibility study. Palliat Med. 2015 Dec;29(10):967-74. doi: 10.1177/0269216315585473. PubMed PMID: 26001395.

Orsagh-Yentis DK, Wink LK, Stigler KA, Erickson CA, McDougle CJ. Buspirone for bruxism in a child with pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011 Dec;21(6):643-5. PubMed PMID: 22136097.

Oulis P, Dimitrakopoulos S, Konstantakopoulos G, Tsaltas E, Kollias K. Low-dose aripiprazole in the treatment of SSRI-induced bruxism. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012 Summer;24(3):E39. PubMed PMID: 23037677.

Pavlovic ZM. Buspirone to improve compliance in venlafaxine-induced movement disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004 Dec;7(4):523-4. PubMed PMID: 15383159.

Pereira RMS, Bastos MDR, Ferreira MP, de Freitas O, de Macedo LD, de Oliveira HF, Ricz HMA, Motta ACF, Macedo AP, Tirapelli C, Pedrazzi V. Topical pilocarpine for xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy. Oral Dis. 2020 Apr 5. doi: 10.1111/odi.13343. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32248594.

Praharaj SK, Verma P, Roy D, Singh A. Is clonidine useful for treatment of clozapine-induced sialorrhea? J Psychopharmacol. 2005 Jul;19(4):426-8. PubMed PMID: 15983000.

Raigrodski AJ, Christensen LV, Mohamed SE, Gardiner DM. The effect of four-week administration of amitriptyline on sleep bruxism. A double-blind crossover clinical study. Cranio. 2001 Jan;19(1):21-5. PubMed PMID: 11842836.

Ranjan S, S Chandra P, Prabhu S. Antidepressant-induced bruxism: need for buspirone? Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006 Aug;9(4):485-7. PubMed PMID: 16753073.

Romanelli F, Adler DA, Bungay KM. Possible paroxetine-induced bruxism. Ann Pharmacother. 1996 Nov;30(11):1246-8. PubMed PMID: 8913405.

Sabuncuoglu O, Ekinci O, Berkem M. Fluoxetine-induced sleep bruxism in an adolescent treated with buspirone: a case report. Spec Care Dentist. 2009 Sep-Oct;29(5):215-7. PubMed PMID: 19740153.

Sockalingam S, Shammi C, Remington G. Clozapine-induced hypersalivation: a review of treatment strategies. Can J Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;52(6):377-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 17696024.

Sockalingam S, Shammi C, Remington G. Treatment of clozapine-induced hypersalivation with ipratropium bromide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Aug;70(8):1114-9. PubMed PMID: 19758522.

Stein DJ, Van Greunen G, Niehaus D. Can bruxism respond to serotonin reuptake inhibitors? J Clin Psychiatry. 1998 Mar;59(3):133. PubMed PMID: 9541159.

Takeuchi I, Suzuki T, Kishi T, Kanamori D, Hanya M, Uno J, Fujita K, Kamei H. Effect of Scopolamine Butylbromide on Clozapine-induced Hypersalivation in Schizophrenic Patients: A Case Series. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2015 Apr 30;13(1):109-12. PubMed PMID: 25912544; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4423163.

Tanigawa T, Yamashita J, Sato T, Shinohara A, Shibata R, Ueda H, Sasaki H. Efficacy and safety of pilocarpine mouthwash in elderly patients with xerostomia. Spec Care Dentist. 2015 Jul-Aug;35(4):164-9. doi: 10.1111/scd.12105. PubMed PMID: 25639487.

Uca AU, Uğuz F, Kozak HH, Gümüş H, Aksoy F, Seyithanoğlu A, Kurt HG. Antidepressant-Induced Sleep Bruxism: Prevalence, Incidence, and Related Factors. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2015 Nov-Dec;38(6):227-30. PubMed PMID: 26536018.

Visvanathan V, Nix P. Managing the patient presenting with xerostomia: a review. Int J Clin Pract. 2010 Feb;64(3):404-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02132.x. Review. PubMed PMID: 19817913.

Watanabe M, Yamada C, Komagata Y, Kikuchi H, Hosono H, Itagaki F. New low-dose liquid pilocarpine formulation for treating dry mouth in Sjögren’s syndrome: clinical efficacy, symptom relief, and improvement in quality of life. J Pharm Health Care Sci. 2018 Mar 1;4:4. doi: 10.1186/s40780-018-0099-x. PMID: 29507747; PMCID: PMC5831212.

Wick JY. Xerostomia: causes and treatment. Consult Pharm. 2007 Dec;22(12):985-92. Review. PubMed PMID: 18198958.

Wise M. Citalopram-induced bruxism. Br J Psychiatry. 2001 Feb;178:182. PubMed PMID: 11157444.

Wiseman LR, Faulds D. Oral pilocarpine: a review of its pharmacological properties and clinical potential in xerostomia. Drugs. 1995 Jan;49(1):143-55. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199549010-00010. PMID: 7705213.

Yüce M, Karabekiroğlu K, Say GN, Müjdeci M, Oran M. Buspirone use in the treatment of atomoxetine-induced bruxism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013 Nov;23(9):634-5. PubMed PMID: 24206098; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3842865.

Zur E. Low-dose Pilocarpine Spray to Treat Xerostomia. Int J Pharm Compd. 2020 Mar-Apr;24(2):104-108. PMID: 32196472.

Chapter 14. Nervous system

Abraham A, Kattoor AJ, Saldeen T, Mehta JL. Vitamin E and its anticancer effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(17):2831-2838. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1474169. Epub 2018 Oct 23. PMID: 29746786.

Adler LA, Peselow E, Rosenthal M, Angrist B. A controlled comparison of the effects of propranolol, benztropine, and placebo on akathisia: an interim analysis. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1993;29(2):283-6. PubMed PMID: 8290678.

Adler LA, Peselow E, Rotrosen J, Duncan E, Lee M, Rosenthal M, Angrist B. Vitamin E treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Sep;150(9):1405-7. PubMed PMID: 8102511.

Adler LA, Reiter S, Corwin J, Herndal P, Angrist B, Rotrosen J. Neuroleptic-induced akathisia: propranolol versus benztropine. Biol Psychiatry. 1988 Jan 15;23(2):211-3. PubMed PMID: 2891384. Not randomized.

Adler LA, Rotrosen J, Edson R, Lavori P, Lohr J, Hitzemann R, Raisch D, Caligiuri M, Tracy K. Vitamin E treatment for tardive dyskinesia. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #394 Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Sep;56(9):836-41. PubMed PMID: 12892048.

Albayrak Y, Ekinci O. Duloxetine-associated tardive dyskinesia resolved with fluvoxamine: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Oct;32(5):723-4. PubMed PMID: 22926615.

Albertini G, Majolini L, Di Gennaro G, Quarato P, Scoppetta C, Onorati P. Oral dyskinesia induced by fluoxetine therapy for infantile autism. Pediatr Neurol. 2004 Jul;31(1):76. PubMed PMID: 15246500.

Amann B, Erfurth A, Grunze H. Treatment of tardive akathisia with clonidine: a case report. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999 Jun;2(2):151-153. PubMed PMID: 11281983.

American Psychiatric Association (2020). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. December 2019 draft available at: https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/Clinical%20Practice%20Guidelines/APA-Draft-Schizophrenia-Treatment-Guideline-Dec2019.pdf.

American Psychiatric Association. Tardive Dyskinesia: A Task Force Report of the American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 1992.

An HM, Tan YL, Shi J, Wang ZR, Li J, Wang YC, Lv MH, Zhou DF, Soares JC, Kosten TR, Yang FD, Zhang XY. Beneficial effects of EGb761 and vitamin E on haloperidol-induced vacuous chewing movements in rats: Possible involvement of S100B mechanisms. Behav Brain Res. 2016 Jan 15;297:124-30. PubMed PMID: 26455874.

Anderson et al. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Deutetrabenazine for the Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia (ARM-TD). Poster P8-004. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, May 2016, Atlanta, Georgia.

Anderson KE, Stamler D, Davis MD, Factor SA, Hauser RA, Isojärvi J, Jarskog LF, Jimenez-Shahed J, Kumar R, McEvoy JP, Ochudlo S, Ondo WG, Fernandez HH. Deutetrabenazine for treatment of involuntary movements in patients with tardive dyskinesia (AIM-TD): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 Aug;4(8):595-604. PubMed PMID: 28668671

Angus S, Sugars J, Boltezar R, Koskewich S, Schneider NM. A controlled trial of amantadine hydrochloride and neuroleptics in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997 Apr;17(2):88-91. PubMed PMID: 10950469.

Arbaizar B, Gómez-Acebo I, Llorca J. Postural induced-tremor in psychiatry. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008;62(6):638-45. PubMed PMID: 19067999.

Artukoglu BB, Li F, Szejko N, Bloch MH. Pharmacologic Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020 May 26;81(4):19r12798. doi: 10.4088/JCP.19r12798. PMID: 32459404.

Arya DK, Szabadi E. Dyskinesia associated with fluvoxamine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993 Oct;13(5):365-6. PubMed PMID: 8227498.

Austedo® Prescribing Information. Available at: https://www.austedo.com/globalassets/austedo/prescribing-information.pdf

Baek JH, Kinrys G, Nierenberg AA. Lithium tremor revisited: pathophysiology and treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014 Jan;129(1):17-23. Review. PubMed PMID: 23834617.

Bai YM, Yu SC, Lin CC. Risperidone for severe tardive dyskinesia: a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Nov;64(11):1342-8. PubMed PMID: 14658949.

Bain PG. Clinical measurement of tremor. Mov Disord. 1998;13 Suppl 3:77-80. PubMed PMID: 9827599.

Barnes TR. A rating scale for drug-induced akathisia. Br J Psychiatry. 1989;154:672-6. PubMed PMID: 2574607.

Barnes TR. The Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale–revisited. J Psychopharmacol. 2003;17(4):365-370. PubMed PMID: 14870947.

Barnes TR; Schizophrenia Consensus Group of British Association for Psychopharmacology. Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2011 May;25(5):567-620. doi: 10.1177/0269881110391123. Epub 2011 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 21292923.

Baskak B, Atbasoglu EC, Ozguven HD, Saka MC, Gogus AK. The effectiveness of intramuscular biperiden in acute akathisia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Jun;27(3):289-94. PubMed PMID: 17502777.

Bergman H, Rathbone J, Agarwal V, Soares-Weiser K. Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 6;2:CD000459. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000459.pub3. Review. PubMed PMID: 29409162; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6491084.

Bhidayasiri R, Fahn S, Weiner WJ, Gronseth GS, Sullivan KL, Zesiewicz TA; American Academy of Neurology. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of tardive syndromes: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2013 Jul 30;81(5):463-9. PubMed PMID: 23897874.

Bhidayasiri R, Jitkritsadakul O, Friedman JH, Fahn S. Updating the recommendations for treatment of tardive syndromes: A systematic review of new evidence and practical treatment algorithm. J Neurol Sci. 2018 Jun 15;389:67-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.02.010. Epub 2018 Feb 5. PubMed PMID: 29454493.

Bhoopathi PS, Soares-Weiser K. Benzodiazepines for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD000205. PubMed PMID: 16855954.

Birthi P, Walters C, Karandikar N. A rare case of tardive dyskinesia and akathisia induced by citalopram. PM R. 2010 Oct;2(10):973-5. PubMed PMID: 20970768.

Bloechliger M, Ceschi A, Rüegg S, Kupferschmidt H, Kraehenbuehl S, Jick SS, Meier CR, Bodmer M. Risk of Seizures Associated with Antidepressant Use in Patients with Depressive Disorder: Follow-up Study with a Nested Case-Control Analysis Using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Drug Saf. 2016 Apr;39(4):307-21. doi: 10.1007/s40264-015-0363-z. PubMed PMID: 26650063.

Botsaris SD, Sypek JM. Paroxetine and tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996 Jun;16(3):258-9. PubMed PMID: 8784663.

Bowden CL, Asnis GM, Ginsberg LD, Bentley B, Leadbetter R, White R. Safety and tolerability of lamotrigine for bipolar disorder. Drug Saf. 2004;27(3):173-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 14756579.

Brambilla P, Perez J, Monchieri S, Rossini PM, Bonato C. Transient improvement of tardive dyskinesia induced with rTMS. Neurology. 2003 Oct 28;61(8):1155. PubMed PMID: 14581693.

Bronner IM, Vanneste JA. Complex movement disorder associated with fluvoxamine. Mov Disord. 1998 Sep;13(5):848-50. PubMed PMID: 9756160.

Cadet JL, Kahler LA. Free radical mechanisms in schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1994 Winter;18(4):457-67. doi: 10.1016/0149-7634(94)90001-9. PMID: 7708360.

Cadet JL, Lohr JB. Possible involvement of free radicals in neuroleptic-induced movement disorders. Evidence from treatment of tardive dyskinesia with vitamin E. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1989;570:176-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb14918.x. PMID: 2576510.

Caetano D. Use of anticonvulsants as prophylaxis for seizures in patients on clozapine. Australas Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;22(1):78-83.PubMed PMID: 23996793.

Caroff SN, Citrome L, Meyer J, Sajatovic M, Goldberg JF, Jain R, Lundt L, Lindenmayer JP, McEvoy JP, McIntyre RS, Tohen M, Ketter TA. A Modified Delphi Consensus Study of the Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020 Jan 28;81(2). pii: 19cs12983. doi: 10.4088/JCP.19cs12983. PubMed PMID: 31995677.

Caroff SN, Davis VG, Miller DD, Davis SM, Rosenheck RA, McEvoy JP, Campbell EC, Saltz BL, Riggio S, Chakos MH, Swartz MS, Keefe RS, Stroup TS, Lieberman JA; CATIE Investigators. Treatment outcomes of patients with tardive dyskinesia and chronic schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Mar;72(3):295-303. PubMed PMID: 20816031; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3825701.

Carroll JA, Jefferson JW, Greist JH. Treating tremor induced by lithium. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1987 Dec;38(12):1280, 1288. Review. PubMed PMID: 2891600. Dias Alves M, Varin L, Fiori LM, Etain B, Azorin JM, Belzeaux R. Efficacy of Vitamin B6 in Lithium-Associated Tremor: A Case Series. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Apr;37(2):267-269. PubMed PMID: 28099184.

Carroll JA, Jefferson JW, Greist JH. Treating tremor induced by lithium. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1987 Dec;38(12):1280, 1288. Review. PubMed PMID: 2891600.

Chen PY, Lin PY, Tien SC, Chang YY, Lee Y. Duloxetine-related tardive dystonia and tardive dyskinesia: a case report. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010 Nov-Dec;32(6):646.e9-646.e11. PubMed PMID: 21112461.

Clayton AH. Antidepressant-induced tardive dyskinesia: review and case report. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995;31(2):259-64. PubMed PMID: 7491377.

Cui L, Li L, Tian Y, Xu F, Qiao T. Association between Dietary Vitamin E Intake and Esophageal Cancer Risk: An Updated Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2018 Jun 21;10(7):801. doi: 10.3390/nu10070801. PMID: 29933640; PMCID: PMC6073499.

Dave M, Langbart MM. Nadolol for lithium tremor in the presence of liver damage. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1994 Mar;6(1):51-2. PubMed PMID: 7951646.

Davé M. Treatment of lithium induced tremor with atenolol. Can J Psychiatry. 1989 Mar;34(2):132-3. PubMed PMID: 2495852. Ferrara JM, Kenney C, Davidson AL, Shinawi L, Kissel AM, Jankovic J. Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin in essential tremor: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Neurol Sci. 2009 Oct 15;285(1-2):195-7. PubMed PMID: 19631949.

Davé M. Treatment of lithium induced tremor with atenolol. Can J Psychiatry. 1989 Mar;34(2):132-3. PubMed PMID: 2495852.

De Leon J. Updated Practice Guidelines for the Use of Clozapine in Adult Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities. http://inhn.org/archives/de-leon-collection/updated-practice-guidelines-for-the-use-of-clozapine-in-adult-individuals-with-intellectual-disabilities.html

Deuschle M, Mase E, Zink M. Dyskinesia during treatment with duloxetine. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2006 Nov;39(6):237-8. PubMed PMID: 17124651.

Dias Alves M, Varin L, Fiori LM, Etain B, Azorin JM, Belzeaux R. Efficacy of Vitamin B6 in Lithium-Associated Tremor: A Case Series. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Apr;37(2):267-269. PubMed PMID: 28099184.

DiMascio A, Bernardo DL, Greenblatt DJ, Marder JE. A controlled trial of amantadine in drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976 May;33(5):599-602. PubMed PMID: 5066.

DL, Zisook S, Billow AA, Batey SR, Johnston JA, Ascher JA. A prospective safety surveillance study for bupropion sustained-release in the treatment of depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998 Jul;59(7):366-73. PubMed PMID: 9714265.

Dolder CR, Jeste DV. Incidence of tardive dyskinesia with typical versus atypical antipsychotics in very high risk patients. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Jun 15;53(12):1142-5. PubMed PMID: 12814866.

Drake RE, Ehrlich J. Suicide attempts associated with akathisia. Am J Psychiatry. 1985 Apr;142(4):499-501. PubMed PMID: 3976927.

Dubovsky SL, Thomas M. Tardive dyskinesia associated with fluoxetine. Psychiatr Serv. 1996 Sep;47(9):991-3. PubMed PMID: 8875667.

Egan MF, Apud J, Wyatt RJ. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Schizophr Bull. 1997;23(4):583-609. Review. PubMed PMID: 9365997.

Elble R, Bain P, Forjaz MJ, Haubenberger D, Testa C, Goetz CG, Leentjens AF, Martinez-Martin P, Pavy-Le Traon A, Post B, Sampaio C, Stebbins GT, Weintraub D, Schrag A. Task force report: scales for screening and evaluating tremor: critique and recommendations. Mov Disord. 2013 Nov;28(13):1793-800. doi: 10.1002/mds.25648. Epub 2013 Sep 3. Review. PubMed PMID: 24038576.

Elble RJ. Tremor disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 2013 Aug;26(4):413-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 23823466.

Elias WJ, Shah BB. Tremor. JAMA. 2014 Mar 5;311(9):948-54. Review. PubMed PMID: 24595779.

Emsley R, Turner HJ, Schronen J, Botha K, Smit R, Oosthuizen PP. A single-blind, randomized trial comparing quetiapine and haloperidol in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 May;65(5):696-701.PubMed PMID: 15163258.

Fahn S. A therapeutic approach to tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1985 Apr;46(4 Pt 2):19-24. PubMed PMID: 2858474.

Faught E, Matsuo FU, Schachter S, Messenheimer J, Womble GP. Long-term tolerability of lamotrigine: data from a 6-year continuation study. Epilepsy Behav. 2004 Feb;5(1):31-6. PubMed PMID: 14751204.

Fernandez HH, Factor SA, Hauser RA, Jimenez-Shahed J, Ondo WG, Jarskog LF, Meltzer HY, Woods SW, Bega D, LeDoux MS, Shprecher DR, Davis C, Davis MD, Stamler D, Anderson KE. Randomized controlled trial of deutetrabenazine for tardive dyskinesia: The ARM-TD study. Neurology. 2017 May 23;88(21):2003-2010. PubMed PMID: 28446646; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5440239.

Forrest DV. The tremometer: a convenient device to measure postural tremor from lithium and other causes. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1990 Fall;2(4):391-4. PubMed PMID: 2136391.

Friedman BW, Bender B, Davitt M, Solorzano C, Paternoster J, Esses D, Bijur P, Gallagher EJ. A randomized trial of diphenhydramine as prophylaxis against metoclopramide-induced akathisia in nauseated emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2009 Mar;53(3):379-85. PubMed PMID: 18814935.

Gaby NS, Lefkowitz DS, Israel JR. Treatment of lithium tremor with metoprolol. Am J Psychiatry. 1983 May;140(5):593-5. PubMed PMID: 6405633. Two case reports.

Gangat AE, Luiz HA, Kajee AH, Ibrahim NI, Simpson MA. Tricyclic-induced acute tardive dyskinesia. A case report. S Afr Med J. 1987 Jun 6;71(11):729. PubMed PMID: 3589873.

Gelenberg AJ, Jefferson JW. Lithium tremor. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995 Jul;56(7):283-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 7615481.

Gelenberg AJ, Van Putten T, Lavori PW, Wojcik JD, Falk WE, Marder S, Galvin-Nadeau M, Spring B, Mohs RC, Brotman AW. Anticholinergic effects on memory: benztropine versus amantadine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1989 Jun;9(3):180-5. PubMed PMID: 2661606.

Gerber PE, Lynd LD. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor-induced movement disorders. Ann Pharmacother. 1998 Jun;32(6):692-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 9640489.

Giorgi L, Gomez G, O’Neill F, Hammer AE, Risner M. The tolerability of lamotrigine in elderly patients with epilepsy. Drugs Aging. 2001;18(8):621-30. PubMed PMID: 11587248.

Girishchandra BG, Johnson L, Cresp RM, Orr KG. Mirtazapine-induced akathisia. Med J Aust. 2002 Mar 4;176(5):242. PubMed PMID: 11999246.

Goumentouk AD, Hurwitz TA, Zis AP. Primidone in drug-induced tremor. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1989 Dec;9(6):451. PubMed PMID: 2512331.

Graham KA, Gu H, Lieberman JA, Harp JB, Perkins DO. Double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of amantadine for weight loss in subjects who gained weight with olanzapine. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Sep;162(9):1744-6. PubMed PMID: 16135638.

Grover S, Hazari N, Chakrabarti S, Avasthi A. Association of Clozapine with Seizures: A Brief Report Involving 222 Patients Prescribed Clozapine. East Asian Arch Psychiatry. 2015 Jun;25(2):73-8. PubMed PMID: 26118746.

Gulsun M, Doruk A. Mirtazapine-induced akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Aug;28(4):467. PubMed PMID: 18626283.

Guy W. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology–Revised (DHHS Publ No. ADM 91-338). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, 1976, pp 534-537. A PDF of the pages on the AIMS can be downloaded here: AIMS-original in Guy (1976)

Hall KT, Buring JE, Mukamal KJ, Vinayaga Moorthy M, Wayne PM, Kaptchuk TJ, Battinelli EM, Ridker PM, Sesso HD, Weinstein SJ, Albanes D, Cook NR, Chasman DI. COMT and Alpha-Tocopherol Effects in Cancer Prevention: Gene-Supplement Interactions in Two Randomized Clinical Trials. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019 Jul 1;111(7):684-694. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djy204. PMID: 30624689; PMCID: PMC6624170.

Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J, Glenthoj B, Gattaz WF, Thibaut F, Möller HJ; WFSBP Task force on Treatment Guidelines for Schizophrenia. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 2: update 2012 on the long-term treatment of schizophrenia and management of antipsychotic-induced side effects. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Feb;14(1):2-44. doi: 10.3109/15622975.2012.739708. Epub 2012 Dec 6. PubMed PMID: 23216388.

Hauser RA, Factor SA, Marder SR, Knesevich MA, Ramirez PM, Jimenez R, Burke J, Liang GS, O’Brien CF. KINECT 3: A Phase 3 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Valbenazine for Tardive Dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry. 2017 May 1;174(5):476-484. PubMed PMID: 28320223.

Hedges D, Jeppson K, Whitehead P. Antipsychotic medication and seizures: a review. Drugs Today (Barc). 2003 Jul;39(7):551-7. PubMed PMID: 12973403.

Hirose S, Ashby CR. Intravenous biperiden in akathisia: an open pilot study. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2000;30(2):185-94. PubMed PMID: 11001281.

Horne RL, Ferguson JM, Pope HG Jr, Hudson JI, Lineberry CG, Ascher J, Cato A. Treatment of bulimia with bupropion: a multicenter controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 1988 Jul;49(7):262-6. PubMed PMID: 3134343.

Huh L, Lee BJ. Efficacy of aripiprazole in antidepressants-induced tardive dystonia and tardive dyskinesia: a case report. Psychiatr Danub. 2015 Jun;27(2):195-7. PubMed PMID: 26057318.

Ingrezza® Prescribing Information. Available at: https://www.neurocrine.com/assets/INGREZZA-full-Prescribing-Information.pdf

Itoh H, Yagi G. Reversibility of tardive dyskinesia. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn. 1979;33(1):43-54. PubMed PMID: 456956.

Jefferson JW. Lithium tremor and caffeine intake: two cases of drinking less and shaking more. J Clin Psychiatry. 1988 Feb;49(2):72-3. PubMed PMID: 3338980.

Jeste DV, Potkin SG, Sinha S, Feder S, Wyatt RJ. Tardive dyskinesia–reversible and persistent. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979 May;36(5):585-90. PubMed PMID: 35116.

Jeste DV, Wyatt RJ. Therapeutic strategies against tardive dyskinesia. Two decades of experience. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982 Jul;39(7):803-16. Review. PubMed PMID: 6131655.

Kapur S, Seeman P. Does fast dissociation from the dopamine d(2) receptor explain the action of atypical antipsychotics?: A new hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Mar;158(3):360-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 11229973.

Kellett JM, Metcalfe M, Bailey J, Coppen AJ. Beta blockade in lithium tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1975 Jul;38(7):719-21. PubMed PMID: 1099171; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1083254.

Kirk L, Baastrup PC, Schou M. Letter: Propranolol treatment of lithium-induced tremor. Lancet. 1973 Nov 10;2(7837):1086-7. PubMed PMID: 4127340.

Kirk L, Baastrup PC, Schou M. Propranolol and lithium-induced tremor. Lancet. 1972 Apr 15;1(7755):839. PubMed PMID: 4111593.

Klawans HL, Tanner CM, Barr A. The reversibility of “permanent” tardive dyskinesia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1984;7(2):153-9. PubMed PMID: 6145520.

Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Gaziano JM, Karp DD, Lieber MM, Walther PJ, Klotz L, Parsons JK, Chin JL, Darke AK, Lippman SM, Goodman GE, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. 2011 Oct 12;306(14):1549-56. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1437. PMID: 21990298; PMCID: PMC4169010.

Koller K. Propranolol for mirtazapine-induced akathisia: Single case report. Ment Health Clin. 2019 Jan 4;9(1):61-63. PubMed PMID: 30627505; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6322814.

Konitsiotis S, Pappa S, Mantas C, Mavreas V. Acute reversible dyskinesia induced by mirtazapine. Mov Disord. 2005 Jun;20(6):771. PubMed PMID: 15732128.

Kruse JM, Ereshefsky L, Scavone M. Treatment of lithium-induced tremor with nadolol. Clin Pharm. 1984 May-Jun;3(3):299-301. PubMed PMID: 6145536.

Kulkantrakorn K. Pyridoxine-induced sensory ataxic neuronopathy and neuropathy: revisited. Neurol Sci. 2014 Nov;35(11):1827-30. PubMed PMID: 25056196.

Lane RD, Glazer WM, Hansen TE, Berman WH, Kramer SI. Assessment of tardive dyskinesia using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1985 Jun;173(6):353-7. PubMed PMID: 3998720.

Laoutidis ZG, Luckhaus C. 5-HT2A receptor antagonists for the treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;17(5):823-32. PubMed PMID: 24286228.

Lauterbach EC, Meyer JM, Simpson GM. Clinical manifestations of dystonia and dyskinesia after SSRI administration. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997 Sep;58(9):403-4. Review. PubMed PMID: 9378692.

Lauterbach EC, Shillcutt SD. Dyskinesia with fluoxetine: tardive or late-onset persistent, acute norfluoxetine dyskinesia? J Clin Psychiatry. 1997 Feb;58(2):85-6. PubMed PMID: 9062379.

Lee Y, Lin PY, Chang YY, Chong MY, Cheng AT. Antidepressant-induced tardive syndrome: a retrospective epidemiological study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2013 Nov;46(7):281-5. PubMed PMID: 24057776.

Leo RJ. Movement disorders associated with the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996 Oct;57(10):449-54. Review. PubMed PMID: 8909330.

Leo RJ. Movement disturbances associated with SSRIs. Psychiatric Times 2001. http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/movement-disturbances-associated-ssris

Lima AR, Bacalcthuk J, Barnes TR, Soares-Weiser K. Central action beta-blockers versus placebo for neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(4):CD001946. PubMed PMID: 15495022.

Lima AR, Soares-Weiser K, Bacaltchuk J, Barnes TR. Benzodiazepines for neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1):CD001950. PubMed PMID: 11869614.

Lin JH, Chen SJ, Liu H, Yan Y, Zheng JH. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of bladder cancer. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2019 Sep;89(3-4):168-175. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000553. Epub 2019 Feb 26. PMID: 30806606.

Louis ED. Twelve clinical pearls to help distinguish essential tremor from other tremors. Expert Rev Neurother. 2014 Sep;14(9):1057-65. Review. PubMed PMID: 25096759.

Louzã MR, Bassitt DP. Maintenance treatment of severe tardive dyskinesia with clozapine: 5 years’ follow-up. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005 Apr;25(2):180-2. PubMed PMID: 15738751.

Madhusoodanan S, Brenner R. Reversible choreiform dyskinesia and extrapyramidal symptoms associated with sertraline therapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997 Apr;17(2):138-9. PubMed PMID: 10950491.

Mago R, Borra D, Mahajan R. Role of adverse effects in medication nonadherence in bipolar disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014 Nov-Dec;22(6):363-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 25377611.

Mago R, Mahajan R, Thase ME. Medically serious adverse effects of newer antidepressants. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2008 Jun;10(3):249-57. PubMed PMID: 18652794.

Mago R. Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Medications: A Call to Action. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016 Sep;39(3):361-73. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2016.04.005. Review. PubMed PMID: 27514294.

Mamo DC, Sweet RA, Keshavan MS. Managing antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism. Drug Saf. 1999 Mar;20(3):269-75. Review. PubMed PMID: 10221855.

Markoula S, Konitsiotis S, Chatzistefanidis D, Lagos G, Kyritsis AP. Akathisia induced by mirtazapine after 20 years of continuous treatment. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010 Jan-Feb;33(1):50-1. PubMed PMID: 20124786.

Marks DM, Pae CU, Patkar AA. Potential role of pregabalin in the treatment of lithium-induced tremor: a case report. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008 Sep;11(6):879-81. PubMed PMID: 18394207.

Matsuo F, Gay P, Madsen J, Tolman KG, Rollins DE, Risner ME, Lai AA. Lamotrigine high-dose tolerability and safety in patients with epilepsy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, eleven-week study. Epilepsia. 1996 Sep;37(9):857-62. PubMed PMID: 8814098.

McEvoy JP. A double-blind crossover comparison of antiparkinson drug therapy: amantadine versus anticholinergics in 90 normal volunteers, with an emphasis on differential effects on memory function. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987 Sep;48 Suppl:20-3. PubMed PMID: 2887553.

McGavin CL, John V, Musser WS. Levetiracetam as a treatment for tardive dyskinesia: a case report. Neurology. 2003 Aug 12;61(3):419. PubMed PMID: 12913217.

Miller CH, Fleischhacker WW. Managing Antipsychotic-induced acute and chronic akathisia. Drug Safety 2000; 22 (1): 73-81. PubMed PMID: 10647977.

Miodownik C, Witztum E, Lerner V. Lithium-induced tremor treated with vitamin B6: a preliminary case series. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2002;32(1):103-8. PubMed PMID: 12075913.

Montgomery SA. Antidepressants and seizures: emphasis on newer agents and clinical implications. Int J Clin Pract. 2005 Dec;59(12):1435-40. Review. PubMed PMID: 16351676.

Morra M, Philipszoon HD, D’Andrea G, Cananzi AR, L’Erario R, Milone FF. Sensory and motor neuropathy caused by excessive ingestion of vitamin B6: a case report. Funct Neurol. 1993 Nov-Dec;8(6):429-32. PubMed PMID: 8150322.

Munetz MR, Benjamin S. How to examine patients using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1988 Nov;39(11):1172-7. PubMed PMID: 2906320.

Munetz MR, Schulz SC. Screening for tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1986 Feb;47(2):75-7. PubMed PMID: 2867994.

Muzyk A, Gala G, Kahn DA. Use of lamotrigine in a patient with a clozapine-related seizure. J Psychiatr Pract. 2010 Mar;16(2):125-8. PubMed PMID: 20511737.

National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin E: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Available at: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/. Accessed July 5, 2020.

Nielsen AS, Mors O. Choreiform dyskinesia with acute onset and protracted course following fluoxetine treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;60(12):868-9. PubMed PMID: 10665637.

Nilsson A, Axelsson R. Factors associated with discontinuation of long-term lithium treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1989 Sep;80(3):221-30. PubMed PMID: 2510458.

Nobuhara K, Matsuda S, Okugawa G, Tamagaki C, Kinoshita T. Successful electroconvulsive treatment of depression associated with a marked reduction in the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia. J ECT. 2004 Dec;20(4):262-3. PubMed PMID: 15591862.

Nord M, Farde L. Antipsychotic occupancy of dopamine receptors in schizophrenia. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2011 Apr;17(2):97-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00222.x. Epub 2010 Dec 8. Review. PubMed PMID: 21143431.

O’Brien A. Comparing the risk of tardive dyskinesia in older adults with first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016 Jul;31(7):683-93. PubMed PMID: 26679687.

O’Brien CF, Jimenez R, Hauser RA, Factor SA, Burke J, Mandri D, Castro-Gayol JC. NBI-98854, a selective monoamine transport inhibitor for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord. 2015 Oct;30(12):1681-7. PubMed PMID: 26346941; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5049616.

Pappa S, Tsouli S, Apostolou G, Mavreas V, Konitsiotis S. Effects of amantadine on tardive dyskinesia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010 Nov-Dec;33(6):271-5. PubMed PMID: 21121175.

Park YM, Lee HJ, Kang SG, Choo CS, Cho JH. Tardive dyskinesia associated with long-term administration of escitalopram and itopride in major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Mar 17;33(2):380-1. PubMed PMID: 19121360.

Pfeffer G, Chouinard G, Margolese HC. Gabapentin in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced akathisia in schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005 May;20(3):179-81. PubMed PMID: 15812271.

Pipis M, Dehabadi M, Matthews E, Gould L. Tremor. BMJ. 2013 Dec 12;347:f7200. Review. PubMed PMID: 24336002.

Podszun M, Frank J. Vitamin E-drug interactions: molecular basis and clinical relevance. Nutr Res Rev. 2014 Dec;27(2):215-31. doi: 10.1017/S0954422414000146. Epub 2014 Sep 16. PMID: 25225959.

Poyurovsky M, Epshtein S, Fuchs C, Schneidman M, Weizman R, Weizman A. Efficacy of low-dose mirtazapine in neuroleptic-induced akathisia: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;23(3):305-8. PubMed PMID: 12826992.

Poyurovsky M, Pashinian A, Weizman R, Fuchs C, Weizman A. Low-dose mirtazapine: a new option in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced akathisia. A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and propranolol-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59(11):1071-7. PubMed PMID: 16497273.

Poyurovsky M, Weizman A. Treatment of Antipsychotic-Related Akathisia Revisited: The Role of Serotonin 2A Receptor Antagonists. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015 Dec;35(6):711-4. Review. PubMed PMID: 26488676.

Praharaj SK, Kongasseri S, Behere RV, Sharma PS. Mirtazapine for antipsychotic-induced acute akathisia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2015 Oct;5(5):307-13. Review. PubMed PMID: 26557987; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4622124.

Prasad M, Ong MT, Whitehouse WP. Fifteen minute consultation: tremor in children. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2014 Aug;99(4):130-4. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-305410. Epub 2014 Jan 29. Review. PubMed PMID: 24477580.

Pringsheim T, Gardner D, Addington D, Martino D, Morgante F, Ricciardi L, Poole N, Remington G, Edwards M, Carson A, Barnes TRE. The Assessment and Treatment of Antipsychotic-Induced Akathisia. Can J Psychiatry. 2018 Jan 1:706743718760288. PubMed PMID: 29685069; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6299189.

Pullinger S, Tyrer P. Acute lithium-induced tremor. Br J Psychiatry. 1983 Jul;143:40-1. PubMed PMID: 6411158.

Rathbone J, Soares-Weiser K. Anticholinergics for neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD003727. PubMed PMID: 17054182.

Raveendranathan D, Swaminath GR. Mirtazapine Induced Akathisia: Understanding a Complex Mechanism. Indian J Psychol Med. 2015 Oct-Dec;37(4):474-5. PubMed PMID: 26702190; PubMed Central PMCID:PMC4676224.

Rego MD, Giller EL Jr. Mania secondary to amantadine treatment of neuroleptic-induced hyperprolactinemia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989 Apr;50(4):143-4. PubMed PMID: 2564388.

Ricciardi L, Pringsheim T, Barnes TRE, Martino D, Gardner D, Remington G, Addington D, Morgante F, Poole N, Carson A, Edwards M. Treatment Recommendations for Tardive Dyskinesia. Can J Psychiatry. 2019 Jun;64(6):388-399. doi: 10.1177/0706743719828968. Epub 2019 Feb 21. PubMed PMID: 30791698; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6591749.

Rush AJ, First MB, Blacker D (Eds.). Handbook of Psychiatric Measures. Second Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., Arlington, VA, 2008.

Sachdev P, Loneragan C. Intravenous benztropine and propranolol challenges in acute neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1993 Aug;16(4):324-31. PubMed PMID: 8104097. Six patients only; double-blind crossover design.

Sander JW, Trevisol-Bittencourt PC, Hart YM, Patsalos PN, Shorvon SD. The efficacy and long-term tolerability of lamotrigine in the treatment of severe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1990 Dec;7(3):226-9. PubMed PMID: 2289481.

Sandler NH. Tardive dyskinesia associated with fluoxetine. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996 Feb;57(2):91. PubMed PMID: 8591977.

Schaumburg H, Kaplan J, Windebank A, Vick N, Rasmus S, Pleasure D, Brown MJ. Sensory neuropathy from pyridoxine abuse. A new megavitamin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1983 Aug 25;309(8):445-8. PubMed PMID: 6308447.

Schneider SA, Deuschl G. The treatment of tremor. Neurotherapeutics. 2014 Jan;11(1):128-38. Review. PubMed PMID: 24142589; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3899476.

Schwindt G, Rezmovitz J. Essential tremor. CMAJ. 2017 Nov 6;189(44):E1364. PubMed PMID: 29109210.

See S, Hendriks E, Hsiung L. Akathisia induced by gabapentin withdrawal. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Jun;45(6):e31. PubMed PMID: 21652784.

Shechter T, Shorer Z, Kramer U, Lerman-Sagie T, Ronen E, Rotem R, Gorodischer R. Adverse reactions of Topiramate and Lamotrigine in children. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2005 Mar;14(3):187-92. PubMed PMID: 15517533.

Shi J, Tan YL, Wang ZR, An HM, Li J, Wang YC, Lv MH, Yan SX, Wu JQ, Soares JC, Yang FD, Zhang XY. Ginkgo biloba and vitamin E ameliorate haloperidol-induced vacuous chewing movement and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in a rat tardive dyskinesia model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2016 Sep;148:53-8. PubMed PMID: 27264436.

Shiotsuki I, Terao T. Lithium tremor, β-blockers, and depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014 Jul;130(1):72-3. PubMed PMID: 24628531..

Siever LJ. The effect of amantadine on prolactin levels and galactorrhea on neuroleptic-treated patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1981 Jan;1(1):2-7. PubMed PMID: 6117579.

Smaga S. Tremor. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68(8):1545-1552. PubMed PMID: 14596441.

Soares-Weiser K, Maayan N, Bergman H. Vitamin E for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jan 17;1(1):CD000209. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000209.pub3. PMID: 29341067; PMCID: PMC6491331.

Sodré LA, Bücker J, Zortéa K, Sulzbach-Vianna MF, Gama CS. Mania switch induced by amantadine in bipolar disorder: report of three cases. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2010 Dec;32(4):467-9. PubMed PMID: 21308277.

Stroup TS, Gray N. Management of common adverse effects of antipsychotic medications. World Psychiatry. 2018 Oct;17(3):341-356. doi: 10.1002/wps.20567. PubMed PMID: 30192094; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6127750.

Sullivan MA, Wilbur R. Gabapentin pharmacotherapy for antipsychotic-induced akathisia: single-patient experiment and case report. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2014 Apr;4(2):100-2. PubMed PMID: 24688760; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3952486.

Symmetrel Prescribing Information. Availabe at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/016023s041,018101s016lbl.pdf

Takeshima M, Ishikawa H, Kikuchi Y, Kanbayashi T, Shimizu T. Successful Management of Clozapine-induced Akathisia with Gabapentin Enacarbil: A Case Report. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2018a Aug 31;16(3):346-348. PubMed PMID: 30121987; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6124867.

Tatum WO, French JA. Lamotrigine and side effects: another headache. Neurology. 2012 Mar 20;78(12):849-50. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31824d186e. Epub 2012 Feb 22. PubMed PMID: 22357715.

Thenganatt MA, Jankovic J. Psychogenic tremor: a video guide to its distinguishing features. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2014 Aug 27;4:253. Review. PubMed PMID: 25243097; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4161970.

Tyrer P, Lee I, Trotter C. Physiological characteristics of tremor after chronic lithium therapy. Br J Psychiatry. 1981 Jul;139:59-61. PubMed PMID: 6794696.

Uchida H, Suzuki T, Graff-Guerrero A, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Arenovich T, Rajji TK, Mamo DC. Therapeutic window for striatal dopamine D(2/3) receptor occupancy in older patients with schizophrenia: a pilot PET study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Oct;22(10):1007-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.045. Epub 2013 Feb 6. PubMed PMID: 25217025.

Uchida H, Takeuchi H, Graff-Guerrero A, Suzuki T, Watanabe K, Mamo DC. Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy and clinical effects: a systematic review and pooled analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Aug;31(4):497-502. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182214aad. Review. PubMed PMID: 21694629.

Varma S, Bishara D, Besag FM, Taylor D. Clozapine-related EEG changes and seizures: dose and plasma-level relationships. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2011 Apr;1(2):47-66. PubMed PMID: 23983927; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3736902.

Vestergaard P. Clinically important side effects of long-term lithium treatment: a review. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1983;305:1-36. PubMed PMID: 6224396.

Vijayakumar D, Jankovic J. Drug-Induced Dyskinesia, Part 2: Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia. Drugs. 2016 May;76(7):779-87. PubMed PMID: 27091214.

Vinson DR, Drotts DL. Diphenhydramine for the prevention of akathisia induced by prochlorperazine: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2001 Feb;37(2):125-31. PubMed PMID: 11174228.

Williams AM, Park SH. Seizure associated with clozapine: incidence, etiology, and management. CNS Drugs. 2015 Feb;29(2):101-11. PubMed PMID: 25537107.

Wong J, Delva N. Clozapine-induced seizures: recognition and treatment. Can J Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;52(7):457-63. Review. PubMed PMID: 17688010.

Wu CS, Liu HY, Tsai HJ, Liu SK. Seizure Risk Associated With Antidepressant Treatment Among Patients With Depressive Disorders: A Population-Based Case-Crossover Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017 Oct 24. pii: 16m11377. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29068610.

Xenazine® Prescribing Information. Available at: https://www.lundbeck.com/upload/us/files/pdf/Products/Xenazine_PI_US_EN.pdf

Yassa R, Camille Y, Belzile L. Tardive dyskinesia in the course of antidepressant therapy: a prevalence study and review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1987 Aug;7(4):243-6. PubMed PMID: 3624506.

Yilmaz Z, Zai CC, Hwang R, Mann S, Arenovich T, Remington G, Daskalakis ZJ. Antipsychotics, dopamine D₂ receptor occupancy and clinical improvement in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2012 Sep;140(1-3):214-20. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.06.027. Epub 2012 Jul 12. PubMed PMID: 22795368.

Zesiewicz TA, Elble RJ, Louis ED, Gronseth GS, Ondo WG, Dewey RB Jr, Okun MS, Sullivan KL, Weiner WJ. Evidence-based guideline update: treatment of essential tremor: report of the Quality Standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2011 Nov 8;77(19):1752-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 22013182; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3208950.

Zesiewicz TA, Sullivan KL, Hinson V, Stover NP, Fang J, Jahan I, Miller A, Carranza MA, Elble R. Multisite, double-blind, randomized, controlled study of pregabalin for essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2013 Feb;28(2):249-50. PubMed PMID: 23238907.

Zesiewicz TA, Ward CL, Hauser RA, Salemi JL, Siraj S, Wilson MC, Sullivan KL. A pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pregabalin (Lyrica) in the treatment of essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2007 Aug 15;22(11):1660-3. PubMed PMID: 17580330.

Zheng W, Wang S, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, Yang XH, Gu YH, Li M, Xiang YQ, Xiang YT. Amantadine for Antipsychotic-Related Weight Gain: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Jun;37(3):341-346. PubMed PMID: 28383359.

Zhu YJ, Bo YC, Liu XX, Qiu CG. Association of dietary vitamin E intake with risk of lung cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2017 Mar;26(2):271-277. doi: 10.6133/apjcn.032016.04. PMID: 28244705.

Zubenko GS, Barreira P, Lipinski JF Jr. Development of tolerance to the therapeutic effect of amantadine on akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1984 Aug;4(4):218-20. PubMed PMID: 6470196.

Zubenko GS, Cohen BM, Lipinski JF Jr, Jonas JM. Use of clonidine in treating neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Psychiatry Res. 1984 Nov;13(3):253-9. PubMed PMID: 6152054.

Zubenko GS, Cohen BM, Lipinski JF Jr. Comparison of metoprolol and propranolol in the treatment of lithium tremor. Psychiatry Res. 1984 Feb;11(2):163-4. PubMed PMID: 6584937.

Chapter 15. Psychiatric side effects

Bhagyalakshmi Subodh N, Jayarajan D, Chand PK, Benegal V, Murthy P. Lamotrigine-induced manic switch: a report of 2 cases. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2011;13(1):PCC.10l01034. doi: 10.4088/PCC.10l01034. PMID: 21731838; PMCID: PMC3121206. Not convincing, in my opinion.

Brandt C, Fueratsch N, Boehme V, Kramme C, Pieridou M, Villagran A, Woermann F, Pohlmann-Eden B. Development of psychosis in patients with epilepsy treated with lamotrigine: report of six cases and review of the literature. Epilepsy Behav. 2007 Aug;11(1):133-9. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.03.015. Epub 2007 May 7. PMID: 17485241.

Chen B, Choi H, Hirsch LJ, Katz A, Legge A, Buchsbaum R, Detyniecki K. Psychiatric and behavioral side effects of antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Nov;76:24-31. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.08.039. Epub 2017 Sep 18. PMID: 28931473.

Coskun M, Bozkurt H, Zoroglu S. Possible lamotrigine-induced mania in a child with autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Oct;29(5):508-9. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181b6017f. PMID: 19745659.

Desarkar P, Sinha VK. Lamotrigine-induced severe manic switch. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006 Aug;40(8):718. doi: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01874.x. PMID: 16866770.

Eddy CM, Rickards HE, Cavanna AE. Behavioral adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs in epilepsy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jun;32(3):362-75. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e318253a186. PMID: 22544012.

Ettinger AB. Psychotropic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Neurology. 2006 Dec 12;67(11):1916-25. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000247045.85646.c0. PMID: 17159095.

Gerstman BB, Jolson HM, Bauer M, Cho P, Livingston JM, Platt R. The incidence of depression in new users of beta-blockers and selected antihypertensives. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996 Jul;49(7):809-15. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(96)00017-0. PMID: 8691233.

Grabowska-Grzyb A, Nagańska E, Wolańczyk T. Hypersexuality in two patients with epilepsy treated with lamotrigine. Epilepsy Behav. 2006 May;8(3):663-5. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.01.005. Epub 2006 Feb 13. PMID: 16473556.

Kemp DE, Gilmer WS, Fleck J, Dago PL. An association of intrusive, repetitive phrases with lamotrigine treatment in bipolar II disorder. CNS Spectr. 2007 Feb;12(2):106-11. doi: 10.1017/s1092852900020617. PMID: 17277710.

Ko DT, Hebert PR, Coffey CS, Sedrakyan A, Curtis JP, Krumholz HM. Beta-blocker therapy and symptoms of depression, fatigue, and sexual dysfunction. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17;288(3):351-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.3.351. PMID: 12117400.

Ko DT, Hebert PR, Krumholz HM. Review: Beta-blockers increase fatigue and sexual dysfunction but not depression after myocardial infarction. ACP J Club. 2003 Jan-Feb;138(1):30; author reply 30. PMID: 12511138. Commentary on another article.

Kohn R. Beta-blockers an important cause of depression: a medical myth without evidence. Med Health R I. 2001 Mar;84(3):92-5. PMID: 11280138.

Kuloglu M, Caykoylu A, Ekinci O, Yilmaz E. Lamotrigine-induced obsessional symptoms in a patient with bipolar II disorder: a case report. J Psychopharmacol. 2009 Nov;23(8):1001-3. doi: 10.1177/0269881108095082. Epub 2008 Aug 21. PMID: 18719043.

Luijendijk HJ, Koolman X. The incentive to publish negative studies: how beta-blockers and depression got stuck in the publication cycle. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012 May;65(5):488-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.06.022. Epub 2012 Feb 18. PMID: 22342262.

Luijendijk HJ, van den Berg JF, Hofman A, Tiemeier H, Stricker BH. β-blockers and the risk of incident depression in the elderly. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Feb;31(1):45-50. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31820482c4. PMID: 21192142.

Mago R. Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Medications: A Call to Action. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016 Sep;39(3):361-73. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2016.04.005. PMID: 27514294.

Margolese HC, Beauclair L, Szkrumelak N, Chouinard G. Hypomania induced by adjunctive lamotrigine. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jan;160(1):183-4. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.183-a. PMID: 12505823.

Mattson RH. Cognitive, affective, and behavioral side events in adults secondary to antiepileptic drug use. Rev Neurol Dis. 2004;1 Suppl 1:S10-7. PMID: 16400290.

Meador KJ, Baker GA. Behavioral and cognitive effects of lamotrigine. J Child Neurol. 1997 Nov;12 Suppl 1:S44-7. doi: 10.1177/0883073897012001101. PMID: 9429130.

Meador KJ, Loring DW, Vahle VJ, Ray PG, Werz MA, Fessler AJ, Ogrocki P, Schoenberg MR, Miller JM, Kustra RP. Cognitive and behavioral effects of lamotrigine and topiramate in healthy volunteers. Neurology. 2005 Jun 28;64(12):2108-14. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000165994.46777.BE. PMID: 15985582.

Moor S, Luty S, Joyce P. Lamotrigine-induced mania in adolescents. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007 Dec;41(12):1013. doi: 10.1080/00048670701689469. PMID: 17999274.

Nierenberg AA, Montana R, Kinrys G, Deckersbach T, Dufour S, Baek JH. L-Methylfolate For Bipolar I depressive episodes: An open trial proof-of-concept registry. J Affect Disord. 2017 Jan 1;207:429-433. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.053. Epub 2016 Oct 1. PMID: 27794238.

Oflaz S, Yıldızhan E, Tatar ZB, Akyuz F. A case of hypomania with low-dose lamotrigine. Indian J Psychiatry. 2015 Apr-Jun;57(2):217. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.158207. PMID: 26124534; PMCID: PMC4462797. Involved rechallenge.

Papakostas GI, Shelton RC, Zajecka JM, Etemad B, Rickels K, Clain A, Baer L, Dalton ED, Sacco GR, Schoenfeld D, Pencina M, Meisner A, Bottiglieri T, Nelson E, Mischoulon D, Alpert JE, Barbee JG, Zisook S, Fava M. L-methylfolate as adjunctive therapy for SSRI-resistant major depression: results of two randomized, double-blind, parallel-sequential trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;169(12):1267-74. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11071114. PMID: 23212058.

Raskin S, Teitelbaum A, Zislin J, Durst R. Adjunctive lamotrigine as a possible mania inducer in bipolar patients. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;163(1):159-60. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.159-a. PMID: 16390907.

Riemer TG, Villagomez Fuentes LE, Algharably EAE, Schäfer MS, Mangelsen E, Fürtig MA, Bittner N, Bär A, Zaidi Touis L, Wachtell K, Majic T, Dinges MJ, Kreutz R. Do β-Blockers Cause Depression?: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Psychiatric Adverse Events During β-Blocker Therapy. Hypertension. 2021 Mar 15:HYPERTENSIONAHA12016590. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16590. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33719510.

Robinson S, Miller JJ. L-Methylfolate: Augmenting Agent May Contribute to Agitation and Mania. Psychiatric Times. March 17, 2020. Last accessed March 10, 2021.

Saito S, Shioda K, Nisijima K. Anger with murderous impulse induced by lamotrigine. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014 Jul-Aug;36(4):451.e1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.03.008. Epub 2014 Mar 18. PMID: 24736088.

Schmitz B. Effects of antiepileptic drugs on mood and behavior. Epilepsia. 2006;47 Suppl 2:28-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00684.x. PMID: 17105456.

Seemüller F, Dehning S, Grunze H, Müller N. Tourette’s symptoms provoked by lamotrigine in a bipolar patient. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;163(1):159. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.159. PMID: 16390908.

Selek S, Savas HA. Lamotrigine-induced manic switches have already been reported. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007 Feb;41(2):195. PMID: 17479512.

Selek S, Savas HA. Psychosis, delirium, or manic switch due to lamotrigine? Epilepsy Behav. 2007 Nov;11(3):476; author reply 477. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.07.003. Epub 2007 Sep 29. PMID: 17904908.

Shiotsuki I, Terao T. Lithium tremor, β-blockers, and depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014 Jul;130(1):72-3. doi: 10.1111/acps.12264. Epub 2014 Mar 15. PMID: 24628531.

Sorgi P, Ratey J, Knoedler D, Arnold W, Cole L. Depression during treatment with beta-blockers: results from a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1992 Spring;4(2):187-9. doi: 10.1176/jnp.4.2.187. PMID: 1627981.

Storrier S, Beran RG. Compulsive gambling possibly associated with antiepileptic medication. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2014 Jan 8;2:15-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ebcr.2013.11.002. PMID: 25667858; PMCID: PMC4307955.

Swann AC. Review: beta-blockers increase fatigue and sexual dysfunction but not depression after myocardial infarction. ACP J Club. 2003 Jan-Feb;138(1):4. PMID: 12511116. Comment on another article.

Szmulewicz A, Samamé C, Caravotta P, Martino DJ, Igoa A, Hidalgo-Mazzei D, Colom F, Strejilevich SA. Behavioral and emotional adverse events of drugs frequently used in the treatment of bipolar disorders: clinical and theoretical implications. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2016 Dec;4(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s40345-016-0047-3. Epub 2016 Feb 16. PMID: 26879750; PMCID: PMC4754238.

Uher R, Jones HM. Hallucinations during lamotrigine treatment of bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;163(4):749-50. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.749-a. PMID: 16585461.

Verbeek DE, van Riezen J, de Boer RA, van Melle JP, de Jonge P. A review on the putative association between beta-blockers and depression. Heart Fail Clin. 2011 Jan;7(1):89-99. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2010.08.006. PMID: 21109212.

Xiong GL, Gagliardi JP, Jiang W. Beta-blockers and depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Feb;167(2):219; author reply 219-20. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081208. PMID: 20123927. Comment on another article.

Zipursky JS, Macdonald EM, Luo J, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Paterson JM, Juurlink DN; Canadian Drug Safety and Effectiveness Research Network. Lipophilic β-Blockers and Suicide in the Elderly. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Jun;37(3):381-384. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000695. PMID: 28338548.

Chapter 16. Skin

Aihara Y, Ito S, Kobayashi Y, Aihara M. Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with azithromycin followed by transient reactivation of herpes simplex virus infection. Allergy. 2004 Jan;59(1):118. PubMed PMID: 14674950.

Aithal V, Appaih P. Lithium induced hidradenitis suppurativa and acne conglobata. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2004 Sep-Oct;70(5):307-9. PubMed PMID: 17642646.

Arslan M, Vurucu S, Balamtekin N, Unay B, Akin R, Kurt I, Ozcan O. The effects of biotin supplementation on serum and liver tissue biotinidase enzyme activity and alopecia in rats which were administrated to valproic acid. Brain Dev. 2009 Jun;31(6):405-10. PubMed PMID: 18814980.

Bachot N, Roujeau JC. Differential diagnosis of severe cutaneous drug eruptions. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(8):561-72. Review. PubMed PMID: 12862499.

Baldwin BT, Lien MH, Khan H, Siddique M. Case of fatal toxic epidermal necrolysis due to cardiac catheterization dye. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010 Jul;9(7):837-40. PubMed PMID: 20677540.

Ball R, Ball LK, Wise RP, Braun MM, Beeler JA, Salive ME. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis after vaccination: reports to the vaccine adverse event reporting system. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001 Feb;20(2):219-23. PubMed PMID: 11224848.

Bay A, Akdeniz N, Calka O, Kösem M, Faik Oner A, Doğan M. Primary varicella infection associated with stevens-johnson syndrome in a Turkish child. J Dermatol. 2005 Sep;32(9):745-50. Review. PubMed PMID: 16361719.

Błaszczyk B, Lasoń W, Czuczwar SJ. Antiepileptic drugs and adverse skin reactions: An update. Pharmacol Rep. 2015 Jun;67(3):426-34. PubMed PMID: 25933949.

Bloom R, Amber KT. Identifying the incidence of rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in patients taking lamotrigine: a systematic review of 122 randomized controlled trials. An Bras Dermatol. 2017 Jan-Feb;92(1):139-141. PubMed PMID: 28225977; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5312199.

Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, McElroy SL, Gyulai L, Wassef A, Petty F, Pope HG Jr, Chou JC, Keck PE Jr, Rhodes LJ, Swann AC, Hirschfeld RM, Wozniak PJ. A randomized, placebo-controlled 12-month trial of divalproex and lithium in treatment of outpatients with bipolar I disorder. Divalproex Maintenance Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 May;57(5):481-9. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.5.481. PMID: 10807488.

Calabrese JR, Sullivan JR, Bowden CL, Suppes T, Goldberg JF, Sachs GS, Shelton MD, Goodwin FK, Frye MA, Kusumakar V. Rash in multicenter trials of lamotrigine in mood disorders: clinical relevance and management. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Nov;63(11):1012-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 12444815.

Castro-Gago M, Pérez-Gay L, Gómez-Lado C, Castiñeiras-Ramos DE, Otero-Martínez S, Rodríguez-Segade S. The influence of valproic acid and carbamazepine treatment on serum biotin and zinc levels and on biotinidase activity. J Child Neurol. 2011 Dec;26(12):1522-4. doi: 10.1177/0883073811409227. PubMed PMID: 21642615.

Chan HH, Wing Y, Su R, Van Krevel C, Lee S. A control study of the cutaneous side effects of chronic lithium therapy. J Affect Disord. 2000 Jan-Mar;57(1-3):107-13. PubMed PMID: 10708822.

Chen B, Choi H, Hirsch LJ, Moeller J, Javed A, Kato K, Legge A, Buchsbaum R, Detyniecki K. Cosmetic side effects of antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2015 Jan;42:129-37. PubMed PMID: 25513768.

Cheriyan S, Patterson R. Recurrent Stevens-Johnson syndrome secondary to herpes simplex: a follow up on a successful management program. Allergy Asthma Proc. 1996 Mar-Apr;17(2):71-3. PubMed PMID: 8934796.

Cruz MJ, Mota A, Baudrier T, Gil-da-Costa MJ, Azevedo F. Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with cytomegalovirus infection in a child with ependymoma. J Dermatol Case Rep. 2010 Apr 11;4(1):11-4. PubMed PMID: 21886739; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3157806.

Darlenski R, Kazandjieva J, Tsankov N. Systemic drug reactions with skin involvement: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and DRESS. Clin Dermatol. 2015 Sep-Oct;33(5):538-41. PubMed PMID: 26321400.

Dawber R, Mortimer P. Hair loss during lithium treatment. Br J Dermatol. 1982 Jul;107(1):124-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1982.tb00301.x. PMID: 6809028.

Deandrea D, Walker N, Mehlmauer M, White K. Dermatological reactions to lithium: a critical review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1982 Jun;2(3):199-204. Review. PubMed PMID: 6212599.

Detjen PF, Patterson R, Noskin GA, Phair JP, Loyd SO. Herpes simplex virus associated with recurrent Stevens-Johnson syndrome. A management strategy. Arch Intern Med. 1992 Jul;152(7):1513-6. PubMed PMID: 1627031.

Dodiuk-Gad RP, Chung WH, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Shear NH. Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: An Update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015 Dec;16(6):475-93. PubMed PMID: 26481651.

Druschky K, Bleich S, Grohmann R, Burda K, Frieling H, Hillemacher T, Neyazi A, Stübner S, Toto S. Severe hair loss associated with psychotropic drugs in psychiatric inpatients-Data from an observational pharmacovigilance program in German-speaking countries. Eur Psychiatry. 2018 Oct;54:117-123. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.08.003. Epub 2018 Sep 5. PMID: 30193142.

Fatemi SH, Calabrese JR. Treatment of valproate-induced alopecia. Ann Pharmacother. 1995 Dec;29(12):1302. PubMed PMID: 8672845.

Fournier S, Bastuji-Garin S, Mentec H, Revuz J, Roujeau JC. Toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995 Jun;14(6):558-9. PubMed PMID: 7588837.

Garza A, Waldman AJ, Mamel J. A case of toxic epidermal necrolysis with involvement of the GI tract after systemic contrast agent application at cardiac catheterization. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005 Oct;62(4):638-42. PubMed PMID: 16185990.

Gautam M. Alopecia due to psychotropic medications. Ann Pharmacother. 1999 May;33(5):631-7. doi: 10.1345/aph.18346. PMID: 10369629.

Ghadirian AM, Lalinec-Michaud M. Report of a patient with lithium-related alopecia and psoriasis. J Clin Psychiatry. 1986 Apr;47(4):212-3. PMID: 2937775.

Golden HE. Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with herpes simplex virus. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Jun 14;153(11):1396. PubMed PMID: 8507130.

Grieb G, Alazemi M, Das R, Dunda SE, Fuchs PC, Pallua N. A rare case of toxic epidermal necrolysis with unexpected Fever resulting from dengue virus. Case Rep Dermatol. 2010 Dec 7;2(3):189-94. PubMed PMID: 21509201; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3079534.

Grootens KP, Hartong EGTM. A Case Report of Biotin Treatment for Valproate-Induced Hair Loss. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017 Jul;78(7):e838. PubMed PMID: 28858445.

Gupta AK, Knowles SR, Gupta MA, Jaunkalns R, Shear NH. Lithium therapy associated with hidradenitis suppurativa: case report and a review of the dermatologic side effects of lithium. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995 Feb;32(2 Pt 2):382-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 7829746.

Herranz JL, Arteaga R, Armijo JA. Change in hair colour induced by valproic acid. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1981 Jun;23(3):386-7. PubMed PMID: 6788632.

Hilas O, Charneski L. Lamotrigine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Feb 1;64(3):273-5. PubMed PMID: 17244876.

Hurd RW, Van Rinsvelt HA, Wilder BJ, Karas B, Maenhaut W, De Reu L. Selenium, zinc, and copper changes with valproic acid: possible relation to drug side effects. Neurology. 1984 Oct;34(10):1393-5. PubMed PMID: 6435012.

Jangir SN, Suthar R, Singhal AK, Deshpande SN. Lamotrigine is said to be safe but be cautious: A case report. International Journal of Case Reports and Images 2011;2(12):19-22.

Jangir SN, Suthar R, Singhal AK, Deshpande SN. Lamotrigine is said to be safe but be cautious: A case report. International Journal of Case Reports and Images 2011;2(12):19-22. Available at: http://www.ijcasereportsandimages.com/archive/2011/012-2011-ijcri/005-12-2011-jangir/ijcri-00512201155-jangir-full-text.php

Jefferson JW, Greist JH, Diamond RL, et al: Lithium and hair loss. Int Drug Ther Newsletter 14:23, 1979. I did not have access to this paper.

Kanzaki T. Acneiform eruption induced by lithium carbonate. J Dermatol. 1991 Aug;18(8):481-3. PubMed PMID: 1837035.

Ketter TA, Greist JH, Graham JA, Roberts JN, Thompson TR, Nanry KP. The effect of dermatologic precautions on the incidence of rash with addition of lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar I disorder: a randomized trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;67(3):400-6. PubMed PMID: 16649826.

Ketter TA, Wang PW, Chandler RA, Alarcon AM, Becker OV, Nowakowska C, O’Keeffe CM, Schumacher MR. Dermatology precautions and slower titration yield low incidence of lamotrigine treatment-emergent rash. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 May;66(5):642-5. PubMed PMID: 15889953.

Khalaf D, Toema B, Dabbour N, Jehani F. Toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with severe cytomegalovirus infection in a patient on regular hemodialysis. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2011;3(1):e2011004. PubMed PMID: 21625308; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3103263.

Knowles S, Shear NH. Clinical risk management of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis spectrum. Dermatol Ther. 2009 Sep-Oct;22(5):441-51. PubMed PMID: 19845721.

Kocer A, Sasmaz S, Ince N, Kutlar M, Cagirici S. Skin findings related to chronic usage of anti-epileptic drugs. Saudi Med J. 2005 Aug;26(8):1216-9. PubMed PMID: 16127516.

Korkmazer N, Vurucu S, Demirkaya E, Unay B, Kul M, Akin R, Gokcay E. Serum and liver tissue biotinidase enzyme activity in rats which were administrated to valproic acid. Brain Dev. 2006 Sep;28(8):515-20. PubMed PMID: 16682156.

Lambe J. Adding isotretinoin to lithium carbonate probably caused mild lithium toxicity. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014 Nov;48(11):1066. PubMed PMID: 24874246.

Léauté-Labrèze C, Lamireau T, Chawki D, Maleville J, Taïeb A. Diagnosis, classification, and management of erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 2000 Oct;83(4):347-52. PubMed PMID: 10999875; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1718505.

Mago R, Thase ME, Rovner BW. Antidepressant-Induced Excessive Sweating: Clinical Features and Treatment with Terazosin. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2013;25(2):E1-E7. PMID: 23638448.

Mago, R. Glycopyrrolate for Antidepressant-Associated Excessive Sweating. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33(2):279-280. PMID: 23422382.

McCreadie RG, Farmer JG. Lithium and hair texture. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1985 Oct;72(4):387-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb02626.x. PMID: 4072740.

McCreadie RG, Morrison DP. The impact of lithium in South-west Scotland. I. Demographic and clinical findings. Br J Psychiatry. 1985 Jan;146:70-4. doi: 10.1192/bjp.146.1.70. PMID: 3872149.

McKinney PA, Finkenbine RD, DeVane CL. Alopecia and mood stabilizer therapy. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1996 Sep;8(3):183-5. doi: 10.3109/10401239609147756. PMID: 8899137.

Mercke Y, Sheng H, Khan T, Lippmann S. Hair loss in psychopharmacology. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2000 Mar;12(1):35-42. doi: 10.1023/a:1009074926921. PMID: 10798824.

Mockenhaupt M. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: clinical patterns, diagnostic considerations, etiology, and therapeutic management. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2014 Mar;33(1):10-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 25037254.

Mortimer PS, Dawber RP. Hair loss and lithium. Int J Dermatol. 1984 Nov;23(9):603-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1984.tb05697.x. PMID: 6519870.

Muniz CE, Salem RB, Director KL. Hair loss in a patient receiving lithium. Psychosomatics 1982;23:312-3. I did not have access to this paper.

Nigen S, Knowles SR, Shear NH. Drug eruptions: approaching the diagnosis of drug-induced skin diseases. J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 Jun;2(3):278-99. Review. PubMed PMID: 12848112.

Okrasinski H. Lithium acne. Dermatologica. 1977;154(4):251-3. PubMed PMID: 140826.

Orwin A. Hair loss following lithium therapy. Br J Dermatol. 1983 Apr;108(4):503-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1983.tb04607.x. PMID: 6838778.

Oztas P, Aksakal AB, Oztas MO, Onder M. Severe acne with lithium. Ann Pharmacother. 2001 Jul-Aug;35(7-8):961-2. PubMed PMID: 11485153.

Pellock JM. The clinical efficacy of lamotrigine as an antiepileptic drug. Neurology. 1994 Nov;44(11 Suppl 8):S29-35. PubMed PMID: 7970004.

Prescribing Information: Lamotrigine (Lamictal®). Available at: https://gskpro.com/content/dam/global/hcpportal/en_US/Prescribing_Information/Lamictal/pdf/LAMICTAL-PI-MG.PDF

Ramakrishnappa SK, Belhekar MN. Serum drug level-related sodium valproate-induced hair loss. Indian J Pharmacol. 2013 Mar-Apr;45(2):187-8. PubMed PMID: 23716898; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3660934.

Rambeck B, Wolf P. Lamotrigine clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1993 Dec;25(6):433-43. Review. PubMed PMID: 8119045.

Rao AV, Hariharasubramanian N, Sugumar A. A study of side effects of lithium. Indian J Psychiatry. 1983 Apr;25(2):87-93. PubMed PMID: 21847262; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3012347.

Remmer HI, Falk WE. Successful treatment of lithium-induced acne. J Clin Psychiatry. 1986 Jan;47(1):48. PubMed PMID: 2934379.

Sarantidis D, Waters B. A review and controlled study of cutaneous conditions associated with lithium carbonate. Br J Psychiatry. 1983 Jul;143:42-50. PubMed PMID: 6224526.

Scarfi F, Arunachalam M. Lithium acne. CMAJ. 2013 Nov 19;185(17):1525. PubMed PMID: 23713068; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3832562.

Schaffer LC, Schaffer CB, Hunter S, Miller A. Psychiatric reactions to isotretinoin in patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2010 May;122(3):306-8. PubMed PMID: 19783054.

Schwartz RA, McDonough PH, Lee BW. Toxic epidermal necrolysis: Part I. Introduction, history, classification, clinical features, systemic manifestations, etiology, and immunopathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013 Aug;69(2):173.e1-13; quiz 185-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 23866878.

Shader RI. Can lithium cause hair loss? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1983 Apr;3(2):122-3. doi: 10.1097/00004714-198304000-00033. PMID: 6841663.

Silvestri A, Santonastaso P, Paggiarin D. Alopecia areata during lithium therapy. A case report. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1988 Jan;10(1):46-8. doi: 10.1016/0163-8343(88)90083-7. PMID: 3126095.

Sinclair R, Patel M, Dawson TL Jr, Yazdabadi A, Yip L, Perez A, Rufaut NW. Hair loss in women: medical and cosmetic approaches to increase scalp hair fullness. Br J Dermatol. 2011 Dec;165 Suppl 3:12-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10630.x. PMID: 22171680.

Tagajdid MR, Doblali T, Elannaz H, Hammi S, Belfequih B, Mrani S. Reactivation of cytomegalovirus in a patient with stevens-johnson syndrome-toxic epidermal necrolysis. Iran J Med Sci. 2013 Jun;38(2 Suppl):195-7. PubMed PMID: 24031112; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3771224.

Tamashunas NL, Bergfeld WF. Male and female pattern hair loss: Treatable and worth treating. Cleve Clin J Med. 2021 Mar 1;88(3):173-182. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.88a.20014. PMID: 33648970.

Tomita T, Goto H, Yoshida T, Tanaka K, Sumiya K, Kohda Y. Dose-dependent valproate-induced alopecia in patients with mental disorders. Indian J Pharmacol. 2015 Nov-Dec;47(6):690-2. PubMed PMID: 26729968; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4689030.

Tosi A, Misciali C, Piraccini BM, Peluso AM, Bardazzi F. Drug-induced hair loss and hair growth. Incidence, management and avoidance. Drug Saf. 1994 Apr;10(4):310-7. doi: 10.2165/00002018-199410040-00005. PMID: 8018303.

Tosti A, Pazzaglia M. Drug reactions affecting hair: diagnosis. Dermatol Clin. 2007 Apr;25(2):223-31, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.det.2007.01.005. PMID: 17430759.

Uehlinger C, Barrelet L, Touabi M, Baumann P. Alopecia and mood stabilizers: two case reports. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1992;242(2-3):85-8. doi: 10.1007/BF02191552. PMID: 1486112.

Varghese SP, Haith LR, Patton ML, Guilday RE, Ackerman BH. Lamotrigine-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis in three patients treated for bipolar disorder. Pharmacotherapy. 2006 May;26(5):699-704. PubMed PMID: 16718941.

Vestergaard P. Clinically important side effects of long-term lithium treatment: a review. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1983;305:1-36. PubMed PMID: 6224396.

Wagner KD, Teicher MH. Lithium and hair loss in childhood. Psychosomatics. 1991 Summer;32(3):355-6. doi: 10.1016/S0033-3182(91)72077-X. PMID: 1909035.

Wang XQ, Lv B, Wang HF, Zhang X, Yu SY, Huang XS, Zhang JT, Tian CL, Lang SY. Lamotrigine-induced severe cutaneous adverse reaction: Update data from 1999-2014. J Clin Neurosci. 2015 Jun;22(6):1005-11. PubMed PMID: 25913750.

Warnock JK. Psychotropic medication and drug-related alopecia. Psychosomatics. 1991 Spring;32(2):149-52. doi: 10.1016/S0033-3182(91)72085-9. PMID: 2027936.

Yassa R. Hair loss during lithium therapy. Am J Psychiatry. 1986 Jul;143(7):943. doi: 10.1176/ajp.143.7.943a. PMID: 2872827.

Yassa R, Ananth J. Hair loss in the course of lithium treatment: a report of two cases. Can J Psychiatry. 1983 Mar;28(2):132-3. doi: 10.1177/070674378302800211. PMID: 6404546.

Yeung CK, Chan HH. Cutaneous adverse effects of lithium: epidemiology and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5(1):3-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 14979738.

Yilmaz Y, Tasdemir HA, Paksu MS. The influence of valproic acid treatment on hair and serum zinc levels and serum biotinidase activity. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2009 Sep;13(5):439-43. PubMed PMID: 18922714.

Yoder FW. Letter: Acneiform eruption due to lithium carbonate. Arch Dermatol. 1975 Mar;111(3):396-7. PubMed PMID: 123436.

Chapter 17. Sleep

Jacobsen FM. Low-dose trazodone as a hypnotic in patients treated with MAOIs and other psychotropics: a pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990 Jul;51(7):298-302. PubMed PMID: 2365668.

Nierenberg AA, Keck PE Jr. Management of monoamine oxidase inhibitor-associated insomnia with trazodone. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1989 Feb;9(1):42-5. PubMed PMID: 2708555.

Remick RA, Froese C, Keller FD. Common side effects associated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1989;13(3-4):497-504. PubMed PMID: 2748873.

Sokolski KN, Brown BJ. Quetiapine for insomnia associated with refractory depression exacerbated by phenelzine. Ann Pharmacother. 2006 Mar;40(3):567-70. Epub 2006 Feb 14. PubMed PMID: 16478812.

Chapter 18. Urinary System

Allen HM, Jackson RL, Winchester MD, Deck LV, Allon M. Indomethacin in the treatment of lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Arch Intern Med 1989;149(5):1123-6.

Asnis GM, Caneva E, Henderson MA. A review of antidepressant-induced urinary hesitancy: a focus on levomilnacipran ER including two case presentations(5633). Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2016 May;15(5):717-25. doi: 10.1517/14740338.2016.1164138. Epub 2016 Apr 1. PMID: 26967743.

Ball S, McCullough J. Diabetes Insipidus. 2015 Apr 12. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279011/ PubMed PMID: 25905242.

Batlle DC, von Riotte AB, Gaviria M, Grupp M. Amelioration of polyuria by amiloride in patients receiving long-term lithium therapy. N Engl J Med. 1985;312(7):408-14.

Bedford JJ, Weggery S, Ellis G, McDonald FJ, Joyce PR, Leader JP, Walker RJ. Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: renal effects of amiloride. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Sep;3(5):1324-31. PubMed PMID: 18596116; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2518801.

Behl T, Kotwani A, Kaur I, Goel H. Mechanisms of prolonged lithium therapy-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015 May 15;755:27-33. PubMed PMID: 25746463.

Bendz H, Aurell M. Drug-induced diabetes insipidus: incidence, prevention and management. Drug Saf. 1999;21(6):449-56.

Bichet DG. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2006 Apr;13(2):96-104. Review. PubMed PMID: 16580609.

Bockenhauer D, Bichet DG. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2015 Oct;11(10):576-88. PubMed PMID: 26077742.

Camporeale A, Day KA, Ruff D, Arsenault J, Williams D, Kelsey DK. Profile of sexual and genitourinary treatment-emergent adverse events associated with atomoxetine treatment: a pooled analysis. Drug Saf. 2013 Aug;36(8):663-71. doi: 10.1007/s40264-013-0074-2. PMID: 23775507.

Corbin Bush N, Twombley K, Ahn J, Oliveira C, Arnold S, Maalouf NM, Sakhaee K. Prevalence and spot urine risk factors for renal stones in children taking topiramate. J Pediatr Urol. 2013 Dec;9(6 Pt A):884-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2012.12.005. Epub 2013 Feb 1. PubMed PMID: 23375465; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3644535.

Danuser H, Bemis K, Thor KB. Pharmacological analysis of the noradrenergic control of central sympathetic and somatic reflexes controlling the lower urinary tract in the anesthetized cat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Aug;274(2):820-5. PMID: 7636745.

de Groot T, Sinke AP, Kortenoeven ML, Alsady M, Baumgarten R, Devuyst O, Loffing J, Wetzels JF, Deen PM. Acetazolamide Attenuates Lithium-Induced Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016 Jul;27(7):2082-91. PubMed PMID: 26574046; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4926986.

Demyttenaere K, Huygens R, Van Buggenhout R. Tamsulosin as an effective treatment for reboxetine-associated urinary hesitancy. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001 Nov;16(6):353-5. doi: 10.1097/00004850-200111000-00006. PMID: 11712624.

Demyttenaere K, Huygens R. Painful ejaculation and urinary hesitancy in association with antidepressant therapy: relief with tamsulosin. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002 Aug;12(4):337-41. doi: 10.1016/s0924-977x(02)00040-8. PMID: 12126873.

Desarkar P, Sinha VK. Acute urinary retention associated with atomoxetine use. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006 Oct;40(10):936. doi: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01914.x. PMID: 16959021.

Devuyst O. Physiopathology and diagnosis of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2012 Apr;73(2):128-9. PubMed PMID: 22503803.

Fenske W, Allolio B. Clinical review: Current state and future perspectives in the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus: a clinical review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Oct;97(10):3426-37. PubMed PMID: 22855338.

Finch CK, Kelley KW, Williams RB. Treatment of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus with amiloride. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23(4):546-50.

Gandhi R, Narang P, Lippmann S. Urinary Hesitancy Associated With Atomoxetine. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2017 Sep 14;19(5):17l02095. doi: 10.4088/PCC.17l02095. PMID: 28930379.

Gitlin M. Lithium and the kidney: an updated review. Drug Saf. 1999;20(3):231-43.

Gordon CE, Vantzelfde S, Francis JM. Acetazolamide in Lithium-Induced Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. N Engl J Med. 2016 Nov 17;375(20):2008-2009. PubMed PMID: 27959610.

Greco FA, Simms NJ, Athappilly GK. Bethanechol as a Corrective for Urinary Retention Associated With Olanzapine Administration. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2019 Oct 31;21(5):19l02429. doi: 10.4088/PCC.19l02429. PMID: 31682336.

Jion YI, Raff A, Grosberg BM, Evans RW. The risk and management of kidney stones from the use of topiramate and zonisamide in migraine and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Headache. 2015 Jan;55(1):161-6. doi: 10.1111/head.12480. Epub 2014 Dec 9. Review. PubMed PMID: 25486999.

Kasper S, Wolf R. Successful treatment of reboxetine-induced urinary hesitancy with tamsulosin. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002 Apr;12(2):119-22. doi: 10.1016/s0924-977x(01)00144-4. PMID: 11872327.

Kasper S. Managing reboxetine-associated urinary hesitancy in a patient with major depressive disorder: a case study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002 Feb;159(4):445-6. doi: 10.1007/s00213-001-0971-4. Epub 2001 Dec 20. PMID: 11823898.

Khanna A. Acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Semin Nephrol. 2006 May;26(3):244-8. PubMed PMID: 16713497.

Knoers N. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. 2000 Feb 12 [updated 2012 Jun 14]. In: Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, Bean LJH, Bird TD, Ledbetter N, Mefford HC, Smith RJH, Stephens K, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2017. PubMed PMID: 20301356.

Kosten TR, Forrest JN. Treatment of severe lithium-induced polyuria with amiloride. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143(12):1563-8.

Leroy C, Karrouz W, Douillard C, Do Cao C, Cortet C, Wémeau JL, Vantyghem MC. Diabetes insipidus. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2013 Dec;74(5-6):496-507. PubMed PMID: 24286605.

Majzoub JA, Srivatsa A. Diabetes insipidus: clinical and basic aspects. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2006 Dec;4 Suppl 1:60-5. PubMed PMID: 17261971.

Makaryus AN, McFarlane SI. Diabetes insipidus: diagnosis and treatment of a complex disease. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006 Jan;73(1):65-71. PubMed PMID: 16444918.

Marmura MJ. Safety of topiramate for treating migraines. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014 Sep;13(9):1241-7. doi: 10.1517/14740338.2014.934669. Epub 2014 Aug 6. PMID: 25096056.

Martin A. Clinical management of lithium-induced polyuria. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1993;44(5):427-8.

McGrane IR, Campbell TJ. Probable Genitourinary Adverse Events Associated With Atomoxetine in an Adult Male: A Case Report. J Pharm Pract. 2020 Aug 31:897190020953022. doi: 10.1177/0897190020953022. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32862763.

Mutlu C, Yorbik O, Ipek H, Tanju IA. Acute Urinary Retention Associated with Increased Dose of Atomoxetine in a Child: A Case Report. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2015:25:3, 299-301, DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20140408015727. Not on PubMed.

Raedler TJ. Will lithium damage my kidneys? J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2012 May;37(3):E5-6. PubMed PMID: 22515988; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3341412.

Rej S, Segal M, Low NC, Mucsi I, Holcroft C, Shulman K, Looper K. The McGill Geriatric Lithium-Induced Diabetes Insipidus Clinical Study (McGLIDICS). Can J Psychiatry. 2014 Jun;59(6):327-34. PubMed PMID: 25007407; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4079152.

Robertson GL. Diabetes insipidus: Differential diagnosis and management. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Mar;30(2):205-18. PubMed PMID: 27156759.

Sands JM, Bichet DG; American College of Physicians.; American Physiological Society.. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Feb 7;144(3):186-94. PubMed PMID: 16461963.

Topamax Prescribing Information. Available at: https://www.janssenlabels.com/package-insert/product-monograph/prescribing-information/TOPAMAX-pi.pdf

Tredget J, Kirov A, Kirov G. Effects of chronic lithium treatment on renal function. J Affect Disord. 2010 Nov;126(3):436-40. PubMed PMID: 20483164.

Trepiccione F, Christensen BM. Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: new clinical and experimental findings. J Nephrol. 2010 Nov-Dec;23 Suppl 16:S43-8. PubMed PMID: 21170888.

Whiskey E, Taylor D. A review of the adverse effects and safety of noradrenergic antidepressants. J Psychopharmacol. 2013 Aug;27(8):732-9. doi: 10.1177/0269881113492027. Epub 2013 Jun 19. PMID: 23784737.

Chapter 19. Weight

American Diabetes Association; American Psychiatric Association; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;65(2):267-72. PubMed PMID: 15003083.

Anagnostou E, Aman MG, Handen BL, Sanders KB, Shui A, Hollway JA, Brian J, Arnold LE, Capano L, Hellings JA, Butter E, Mankad D, Tumuluru R, Kettel J, Newsom CR, Hadjiyannakis S, Peleg N, Odrobina D, McAuliffe-Bellin S, Zakroysky P, Marler S, Wagner A, Wong T, Macklin EA, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. Metformin for Treatment of Overweight Induced by Atypical Antipsychotic Medication in Young People With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Sep 1;73(9):928-37. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1232. Erratum in: JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Dec 1;73(12):1295. PubMed PMID: 27556593. N=60 who received at least one dose of metformin.

Andrade C. Metformin as a Possible Intervention for Cardiometabolic Risks in Pediatric Subjects Exposed to Antipsychotic Drugs. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Oct;77(10):1362-1364. PubMed PMID: 27788311.

Andrade C. Use of Metformin for Cardiometabolic Risks in Psychiatric Practice: Need-to-Know Safety Issues. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Nov;77(11):e1491-e1494. PubMed PMID: 28076676.

Basile VS, Masellis M, McIntyre RS, Meltzer HY, Lieberman JA, Kennedy JL. Genetic dissection of atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain: novel preliminary data on the pharmacogenetic puzzle. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62 Suppl 23:45-66. Review. PubMed PMID: 11603885.

Bauman WA, Shaw S, Jayatilleke E, Spungen AM, Herbert V. Increased intake of calcium reverses vitamin B12 malabsorption induced by metformin. Diabetes Care. 2000 Sep;23(9):1227-31. PubMed PMID: 10977010.

Buckland PR, Hoogendoorn B, Guy CA, Smith SK, Coleman SL, O’Donovan MC. Low gene expression conferred by association of an allele of the 5-HT2C receptor gene with antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;162(3):613-5. PubMed PMID: 15741483.

Bushe CJ, Slooff CJ, Haddad PM, Karagianis JL. Weight change from 3-year observational data: findings from the worldwide schizophrenia outpatient health outcomes database. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;73(6):e749-55. PubMed PMID: 22795214.

Chen CH, Huang MC, Kao CF, Lin SK, Kuo PH, Chiu CC, Lu ML. Effects of adjunctive metformin on metabolic traits in nondiabetic clozapine-treated patients with schizophrenia and the effect of metformin discontinuation on body weight: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 May;74(5):e424-30. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12m08186. PubMed PMID: 23759461.

Correll CU, Malhotra AK. Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Aug;174(4):477-89. Epub 2004 Jul 8. Review. PubMed PMID: 15243737.

Correll CU, Manu P, Olshanskiy V, Napolitano B, Kane JM, Malhotra AK. Cardiometabolic risk of second-generation antipsychotic medications during first-time use in children and adolescents. JAMA. 2009 Oct 28;302(16):1765-73. Erratum in: JAMA. 2009 Dec 2;302(21):2322. PubMed PMID: 19861668; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3055794.

Correll CU, Sikich L, Reeves G, Riddle M. Metformin for antipsychotic-related weight gain and metabolic abnormalities: when, for whom, and for how long? Am J Psychiatry. 2013 Sep;170(9):947-52. PubMed PMID: 24030606.

Coughlin M, Goldie CL, Tranmer J, Khalid-Khan S, Tregunno D. Patient, Treatment, and Health Care Utilization Variables Associated with Adherence to Metabolic Monitoring Practices in Children and Adolescents Taking Second-Generation Antipsychotics. Can J Psychiatry. 2018 Apr;63(4):240-249. PubMed PMID: 29528720; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5894916.

de Silva VA, Suraweera C, Ratnatunga SS, Dayabandara M, Wanniarachchi N, Hanwella R. Metformin in prevention and treatment of antipsychotic induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Oct 3;16(1):341. Review. PubMed PMID: 27716110; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5048618.

Dhamane AD, Martin BC, Brixner DI, Hudson TJ, Said Q. Metabolic monitoring of patients prescribed second-generation antipsychotics. J Psychiatr Pract. 2013 Sep;19(5):360-74. PubMed PMID: 24042242. American Diabetes Association; American Psychiatric Association; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;65(2):267-72. PubMed PMID: 15003083.

Ellinger LK, Ipema HJ, Stachnik JM. Efficacy of metformin and topiramate in prevention and treatment of second-generation antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Apr;44(4):668-79. Review. PubMed PMID: 20233913.

Featherston EL, Dihigo S, Gilder RE. Improving Adherence to Atypical Antipsychotic Agent Screening Guidelines in Pediatric Patients: A Quality Improvement Project Within an Integrated Community Mental Health Setting. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2018 Jul/Aug;24(4):352-359. PubMed PMID: 29357722.

Glucophage Prescribing Information. Available at: https://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_glucophage.pdf

Goltz JS, Rice TR. Commentary: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Metformin Treatment of Weight Gain Associated with Initiation of Atypical Antipsychotic Therapy in Children and Adolescents. Front Psychiatry. 2017 Apr 19;8:59. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00059. eCollection 2017. PubMed PMID: 28469583; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5395636. Commentary on Klein et al. (2006).

Grădinaru RC, Andreescu NI, Nussbaum LA, Farcaş SS, Dumitraşcu V, Suciu L, Puiu M. -759C÷T polymorphism of the HTR2C gene is not correlated with atypical antipsychotics-induced weight gain, among Romanian psychotic patients. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2016;57(4):1343-1349. PubMed PMID: 28174802.

Greg Deardorff O, Syed A, Ames CJ, Yaeger JS. Ranitidine, metformin, and topiramate: managing weight gain in a clozapine-treated patient with schizoaffective disorder. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2014;16(3). pii: PCC.13l01598. PubMed PMID: 25317361; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4195633.

Gressier F, Porcelli S, Calati R, Serretti A. Pharmacogenetics of clozapine response and induced weight gain: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016 Feb;26(2):163-85. PubMed PMID: 26792444.

Gunes A, Melkersson KI, Scordo MG, Dahl ML. Association between HTR2C and HTR2A polymorphisms and metabolic abnormalities in patients treated with olanzapine or clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Feb;29(1):65-8. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31819302c3. PubMed PMID: 19142110.

Halford JC, Harrold JA. 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists and the control of appetite. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2012;(209):349-56. PubMed PMID: 22249823.

Handen BL, Anagnostou E, Aman MG, Sanders KB, Chan J, Hollway JA, Brian J, Arnold LE, Capano L, Williams C, Hellings JA, Butter E, Mankad D, Tumuluru R, Kettel J, Newsom CR, Peleg N, Odrobina D, McAuliffe-Bellin S, Marler S, Wong T, Wagner A, Hadjiyannakis S, Macklin EA, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Metformin for the Treatment of Overweight Induced by Antipsychotic Medication in Young People With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Open-Label Extension. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017 Oct;56(10):849-856.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.07.790. Epub 2017 Aug 19. PubMed PMID: 28942807.

Hasnain M, Vieweg WV. Antipsychotic drug-treated patients best suited for metformin therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013 Dec;128(6):488-9. PubMed PMID: 23659558.

Jarskog LF, Hamer RM, Catellier DJ, Stewart DD, Lavange L, Ray N, Golden LH, Lieberman JA, Stroup TS; METS Investigators. Metformin for weight loss and metabolic control in overweight outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2013 Sep;170(9):1032-40. PubMed PMID: 23846733; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3874085.

Jeong SH, Lee NY, Kim SH, Chung IW, Youn T, Kang UG, Ahn YM, You HY, Kim YS. Long-Term Evolution of Metabolic Status in Patients with Schizophrenia Stably Maintained on Second-Generation Antipsychotics. Psychiatry Investig. 2018 Jun;15(6):628-637. PubMed PMID: 29940717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6018140. Small study. Participants had to have already been on the antipsychotic for at least one year. Weight gain did not plateau. Hasnain M, Vieweg WV. Antipsychotic drug-treated patients best suited for metformin therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013 Dec;128(6):488-9. PubMed PMID: 23659558.

Kancherla V, Elliott JL Jr, Patel BB, Holland NW, Johnson TM 2nd, Khakharia A, Phillips LS, Oakley GP Jr, Vaughan CP. Long-term Metformin Therapy and Monitoring for Vitamin B12 Deficiency Among Older Veterans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Feb 9. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14761. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28182265.

Kancherla V, Garn JV, Zakai NA, Williamson RS, Cashion WT, Odewole O, Judd SE, Oakley GP Jr. Multivitamin Use and Serum Vitamin B12 Concentrations in Older-Adult Metformin Users in REGARDS, 2003-2007. PLoS One. 2016 Aug 11;11(8):e0160802. PubMed PMID: 27513580; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4981300.

Kang SH, Lee JI, Han HR, Soh M, Hong JP. Polymorphisms of the leptin and HTR2C genes and clozapine-induced weight change and baseline BMI in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet. 2014 Dec;24(6):249-56. PubMed PMID: 25304226.

Kinon BJ, Basson BR, Gilmore JA, Tollefson GD. Long-term olanzapine treatment: weight change and weight-related health factors in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001 Feb;62(2):92-100. PubMed PMID: 11247108.

Kirpichnikov D, McFarlane SI, Sowers JR. Metformin: an update. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Jul 2;137(1):25-33. Review. PubMed PMID: 12093242.

Klein DJ, Cottingham EM, Sorter M, Barton BA, Morrison JA. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of metformin treatment of weight gain associated with initiation of atypical antipsychotic therapy in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Dec;163(12):2072-9. PubMed PMID: 17151157. 16 -week double-blind RCT, 39 patients, age 10 to 17 years, whose weight had increased by 10% or more during less than 1 year of treatment with olanzapine, risperidone, or quetiapine.

Kryzhanovskaya LA, Robertson-Plouch CK, Xu W, Carlson JL, Merida KM, Dittmann RW. The safety of olanzapine in adolescents with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder: a pooled analysis of 4 clinical trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Feb;70(2):247-58. Epub 2009 Feb 10. Erratum in: J Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Dec;70(12):1729. PubMed PMID: 19210948.

Kryzhanovskaya LA, Xu W, Millen BA, Acharya N, Jen KY, Osuntokun O. Comparison of long-term (at least 24 weeks) weight gain and metabolic changes between adolescents and adults treated with olanzapine. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2012 Apr;22(2):157-65. PubMed PMID: 22372514.

Lambert C, Panagiotopoulos C, Davidson J, Goldman RD. Second-generation antipsychotics in children: Risks and monitoring needs. Can Fam Physician. 2018 Sep;64(9):660-662. PubMed PMID: 30209096; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6135131.

Liu Q, Li S, Quan H, Li J. Vitamin B12 status in metformin treated patients: systematic review. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 24;9(6):e100379. PubMed PMID: 24959880; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4069007.

Ma X, Maimaitirexiati T, Zhang R, Gui X, Zhang W, Xu G, Hu G. HTR2C polymorphisms, olanzapine-induced weight gain and antipsychotic-induced metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients: a meta-analysis. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2014 Oct;18(4):229-42. PubMed PMID: 25152019.

Maayan L, Vakhrusheva J, Correll CU. Effectiveness of medications used to attenuate antipsychotic-related weight gain and metabolic abnormalities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010 Jun;35(7):1520-30. PubMed PMID: 20336059; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3055458.

MacNeil RR, Müller DJ. Genetics of Common Antipsychotic-Induced Adverse Effects. Mol Neuropsychiatry. 2016 Jul;2(2):61-78. PubMed PMID: 27606321; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4996009.

Mahmood S, Booker I, Huang J, Coleman CI. Effect of topiramate on weight gain in patients receiving atypical antipsychotic agents. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Feb;33(1):90-4. Review. PubMed PMID: 23277264.

Manitpisitkul P, Curtin CR, Shalayda K, Wang SS, Ford L, Heald D. Pharmacokinetic interactions between topiramate and pioglitazone and metformin. Epilepsy Res. 2014 Nov;108(9):1519-32. PubMed PMID: 25219351.

Mannucci E, Tesi F, Bardini G, Ognibene A, Petracca MG, Ciani S, Pezzatini A, Brogi M, Dicembrini I, Cremasco F, Messeri G, Rotella CM. Effects of metformin on glucagon-like peptide-1 levels in obese patients with and without Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Nutr Metab. 2004 Dec;17(6):336-42. PubMed PMID: 15887627.

McDougle CJ. Atypical Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain in Children and Adolescents: Sometimes Less Is More. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Sep 1;73(9):899-901. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1213. PubMed PMID: 27556412. Editorial commenting on Anagnostou et al. (2016).

Miller DD, Ellingrod VL, Holman TL, Buckley PF, Arndt S. Clozapine-induced weight gain associated with the 5HT2C receptor -759C/T polymorphism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2005 Feb 5;133B(1):97-100. PubMed PMID: 15635667.

Mitchell AJ, Delaffon V, Vancampfort D, Correll CU, De Hert M. Guideline concordant monitoring of metabolic risk in people treated with antipsychotic medication: systematic review and meta-analysis of screening practices. Psychol Med. 2012 Jan;42(1):125-47. Review. PubMed PMID: 21846426.

Niafar M, Hai F, Porhomayon J, Nader ND. The role of metformin on vitamin B12 deficiency: a meta-analysis review. Intern Emerg Med. 2015 Feb;10(1):93-102. doi: 10.1007/s11739-014-1157-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 25502588.

Opgen-Rhein C, Brandl EJ, Müller DJ, Neuhaus AH, Tiwari AK, Sander T, Dettling M. Association of HTR2C, but not LEP or INSIG2, genes with antipsychotic-induced weight gain in a German sample. Pharmacogenomics. 2010 Jun;11(6):773-80. doi: 10.2217/pgs.10.50. PubMed PMID: 20504252.

Osborn DP, Petersen I, Beckley N, Walters K, Nazareth I, Hayes J. Weight change over two years in people prescribed olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone in UK primary care: Cohort study in THIN, a UK primary care database. J Psychopharmacol. 2018 Jun 1:269881118780011. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29938561.

Park YM, Cho JH, Kang SG, Choi JE, Lee SH, Kim L, Lee HJ. Lack of association between the -759C/T polymorphism of the 5-HT2C receptor gene and olanzapine-induced weight gain among Korean schizophrenic patients. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2008 Feb;33(1):55-60. PubMed PMID: 18211617.

Parry-Strong A, Langdana F, Haeusler S, Weatherall M, Krebs J. Sublingual vitamin B12 compared to intramuscular injection in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin: a randomised trial. N Z Med J. 2016 Jun 10;129(1436):67-75. PubMed PMID: 27355231.

Pringsheim T, Panagiotopoulos C, Davidson J, Ho J; CAMESA guideline group. Evidence-based recommendations for monitoring safety of second generation antipsychotics in children and youth. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011Aug;20(3):218-33. Erratum in: J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 August;20(3):1–2.. PubMed PMID: 21804853; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3143700.

Reeves GM, Keeton C, Correll CU, Johnson JL, Hamer RM, Sikich L, Hazzard L, Alderman C, Scheer A, Mabe M, Kapoor S, Sheridan E, Borner I, Bussell K, Pirmohamed S, Bethea TC, Chekuri R, Gottfried R, Reinblatt SP, Santana E, Riddle MA. Improving metabolic parameters of antipsychotic child treatment (IMPACT) study: rationale, design, and methods. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2013 Aug 15;7(1):31. doi: 10.1186/1753-2000-7-31. PubMed PMID: 23947389; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3846140. Results for this study have been posted at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT00806234

Reynolds GP, Hill MJ, Kirk SL. The 5-HT2C receptor and antipsychotic induced weight gain – mechanisms and genetics. J Psychopharmacol. 2006 Jul;20(4 Suppl):15-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 16785265.

Reynolds GP, Templeman LA, Zhang ZJ. The role of 5-HT2C receptor polymorphisms in the pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic drug treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jul;29(6):1021-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 15953671.

Reynolds GP, Zhang ZJ, Zhang XB. Association of antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain with a 5-HT2C receptor gene polymorphism. Lancet. 2002 Jun 15;359(9323):2086-7. PubMed PMID: 12086765.

Reynolds GP. Pharmacogenetic Aspects of Antipsychotic Drug-induced Weight Gain – A Critical Review. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2012 Aug;10(2):71-7. PubMed PMID: 23431082; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3569150.

Ryu S, Cho EY, Park T, Oh S, Jang WS, Kim SK, Lee D, Hong KS. -759 C/T polymorphism of 5-HT2C receptor gene and early phase weight gain associated with antipsychotic drug treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Apr 13;31(3):673-7. Epub 2007 Jan 12. PubMed PMID: 17275977.

Salviato Balbão M, Cecílio Hallak JE, Arcoverde Nunes E, Homem de Mello M, Triffoni-Melo Ade T, Ferreira FI, Chaves C, Durão AM, Ramos AP, de Souza Crippa JA, Queiroz RH. Olanzapine, weight change and metabolic effects: a naturalistic 12-month follow up. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2014 Feb;4(1):30-6. PubMed PMID: 24490028; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3896133.

Schulz C, Haight RJ. Safety of olanzapine use in adolescents. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2013 Sep;12(5):777-82. Review. PubMed PMID: 23876012.

Shams TA, Müller DJ. Antipsychotic induced weight gain: genetics, epigenetics, and biomarkers reviewed. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014 Oct;16(10):473. PubMed PMID: 25138234.

Sicard MN, Zai CC, Tiwari AK, Souza RP, Meltzer HY, Lieberman JA, Kennedy JL, Müller DJ. Polymorphisms of the HTR2C gene and antipsychotic-induced weight gain: an update and meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics. 2010 Nov;11(11):1561-71. doi: 10.2217/pgs.10.123. PubMed PMID: 21121776.

Siskind DJ, Leung J, Russell AW, Wysoczanski D, Kisely S. Metformin for Clozapine Associated Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Jun 15;11(6):e0156208. PubMed PMID: 27304831; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4909277.

Tecott LH, Sun LM, Akana SF, Strack AM, Lowenstein DH, Dallman MF, Julius D. Eating disorder and epilepsy in mice lacking 5-HT2c serotonin receptors. Nature. 1995 Apr 6;374(6522):542-6. PubMed PMID: 7700379.

Templeman LA, Reynolds GP, Arranz B, San L. Polymorphisms of the 5-HT2C receptor and leptin genes are associated with antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain in Caucasian subjects with a first-episode psychosis. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005 Apr;15(4):195-200. PubMed PMID: 15864111.

Theisen FM, Hinney A, Brömel T, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Martin M, Krieg JC, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J. Lack of association between the -759C/T polymorphism of the 5-HT2C receptor gene and clozapine-induced weight gain among German schizophrenic individuals. Psychiatr Genet. 2004 Sep;14(3):139-42. PubMed PMID: 15318026.

Topamax Prescribing Information. Available at: http://www.janssenlabels.com/package-insert/product-monograph/prescribing-information/TOPAMAX-pi.pdf

Toplak H, Hamann A, Moore R, Masson E, Gorska M, Vercruysse F, Sun X, Fitchet M. Efficacy and safety of topiramate in combination with metformin in the treatment of obese subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Jan;31(1):138-46. PubMed PMID: 16703004.

Ujike H, Nomura A, Morita Y, Morio A, Okahisa Y, Kotaka T, Kodama M, Ishihara T, Kuroda S. Multiple genetic factors in olanzapine-induced weight gain in schizophrenia patients: a cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Sep;69(9):1416-22. PubMed PMID: 19193342.

Weissman E, Jackson C, Schooler N, Goetz R, Essock S. Monitoring metabolic side effects when initiating treatment with second-generation antipsychotic medication. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2012 Jan;5(4):201-7. PubMed PMID: 22182457.

Wink LK, Adams R, Pedapati EV, Dominick KC, Fox E, Buck C, Erickson CA. Brief Report: Metformin for Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2017 Jul;47(7):2290-2294. doi: 10.1007/s10803-017-3132-2. PubMed PMID: 28447303. Naturalistic study.

Xia L, Li WZ, Liu HZ, Hao R, Zhang XY. Olanzapine Versus Risperidone in Children and Adolescents with Psychosis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2018 May;28(4):244-251. PubMed PMID: 29356569; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5952347.

Zhang JP, Lencz T, Zhang RX, Nitta M, Maayan L, John M, Robinson DG, Fleischhacker WW, Kahn RS, Ophoff RA, Kane JM, Malhotra AK, Correll CU. Pharmacogenetic Associations of Antipsychotic Drug-Related Weight Gain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2016 Nov;42(6):1418-1437. PubMed PMID: 27217270; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5049532.

Zheng W, Li XB, Tang YL, Xiang YQ, Wang CY, de Leon J. Metformin for Weight Gain and Metabolic Abnormalities Associated With Antipsychotic Treatment: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015 Oct;35(5):499-509. PubMed PMID: 26280837.

Chapter 20. Other side effects

Beale MD, Murphree TM. Excessive yawning and SSRI therapy. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000 Sep;3(3):275-276. doi: 10.1017/S1461145700001966. PMID: 11343604.

Béné J, Bastides M, Auffret M, Gautier S. Serotonin and yawning: A possible adverse drug reaction during antidepressant therapy. Presse Med. 2014 Oct;43(10 Pt 1):1135-6. doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2013.12.018. Epub 2014 May 1. PMID: 24791603.

Chen CH, Lu ML. Venlafaxine-induced excessive yawning. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Feb 1;33(1):156-7. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.10.014. Epub 2008 Oct 31. PMID: 19000733.

Cohen AJ. Fluoxetine-induced yawning and anorgasmia reversed by cyproheptadine treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992 May;53(5):174. PMID: 1592848.

De Las Cuevas C, Sanz EJ. Duloxetine-induced excessive disturbing and disabling yawning. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Feb;27(1):106-7. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31802e68c4. PMID: 17224733.

Dunleavy DL. Phenelzine and oedema. Br Med J. 1977 May 21;1(6072):1353. PubMed PMID: 861629; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1607137.

Feder R. Reversal of antidepressant activity of fluoxetine by cyproheptadine in three patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Apr;52(4):163-4. PMID: 2016249.

Gallup AC, Gallup GG Jr. Methylphenidate-Induced Yawning: A Thermoregulatory Connection. Am J Ther. 2020 Sep/Oct;27(5):e527-e528. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000001000. PMID: 31082831.

Gallup AC, Gallup GG Jr. Venlafaxine-induced excessive yawning: a thermoregulatory connection. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Jun 15;33(4):747. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.03.009. Epub 2009 Mar 19. PMID: 19303427.

Gallup AC, Gallup GG Jr. Yawning and thermoregulation. Physiol Behav. 2008 Sep 3;95(1-2):10-6. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.05.003. Epub 2008 May 13. PMID: 18550130.

Goldberg RL. Sustained yawning as a side of imipramine. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1983-1984;13(4):277-80. doi: 10.2190/wm6g-kaj6-2fdq-8uq8. PMID: 6671861.

Goldbloom DS, Kennedy SH. Adverse interaction of fluoxetine and cyproheptadine in two patients with bulimia nervosa. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Jun;52(6):261-2. PMID: 2055898.

Guggisberg AG, Mathis J, Schnider A, Hess CW. Why do we yawn? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010 Jul;34(8):1267-76. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.03.008. Epub 2010 Apr 9. PMID: 20382180.

Guggisberg AG, Mathis J, Schnider A, Hess CW. Why do we yawn? The importance of evidence for specific yawn-induced effects. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011 Apr;35(5):1302-4. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.004. Epub 2010 Dec 17. PMID: 21168437.

Gutiérrez-Alvarez AM. Do your patients suffer from excessive yawning? Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007 Jan;115(1):80-1. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00856.x. PMID: 17201870.

Harada K. Paroxetine-induced excessive yawning. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006 Apr;60(2):260. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01497.x. PMID: 16594955.

Hollander E, Mullen LS, Carrasco JL, DeCaria CM, Stein DJ. Symptom relapse in bulimia nervosa and obsessive compulsive disorder after treatment with serotonin antagonists. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992 Jan;53(1):28. PMID: 1737737.

Holmgren B, Urbá-Holmgren R. Interaction of cholinergic and dopaminergic influences on yawning behavior. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 1980;40(3):633-42. PMID: 6969021.

Horgan D. Antidepressant overshoot: the YES syndrome. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007 Jan;41(1):90-1. PMID: 17479509.

Larsen JK, Bendsen BB, Bech P. Vitamin B6 treatment of oedema induced by mirtazapine and isocarboxazid. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011 Jul;124(1):76-7; PubMed PMID: 21410439.

Mogilnicka E, Wedzony K, Klimek V, Czyrak A. Desipramine induces yawning behaviour in rats. Neuropharmacology. 1986 Jul;25(7):783-6. doi: 10.1016/0028-3908(86)90096-1. PMID: 3748326.

Naguy A, Shoukry TM, Alamiri B. Methylphenidate-Induced Yawning Chasm in an Adolescent With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder That Resolved by Switching to Atomoxetine. Am J Ther. 2019 Nov/Dec;26(6):e742-e743. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000896. PMID: 30550384.

Patatanian E, Williams NT. Drug-induced yawning–a review. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Oct;45(10):1297-301. doi: 10.1345/aph.1Q255. Epub 2011 Sep 20. PMID: 21934035.

Platek SM. Yawn, yawn, yawn, yawn; yawn, yawn, yawn! The social, evolutionary and neuroscientific facets of contagious yawning. Front Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28:107-112. doi: 10.1159/000307086. Epub 2010 Mar 26. PMID: 20357468.

Prasad H. Drug-induced yawning: a vital protective reflex. Med Hypotheses. 2008 Sep;71(3):457. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.03.012. Epub 2008 Apr 25. PMID: 18440156.

Sommet A, Desplas M, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Montastruc JL; French Network of Pharmacovigilance Centers. Drug-induced yawning: a review of the French pharmacovigilance database. Drug Saf. 2007;30(4):327-31. PubMed PMID: 17408309.

Sours JA. Peripheral edema and tachycardia during tranylcypromine therapy. Am J Psychiatry. 1962 Dec;119:584-5. PubMed PMID: 13978429.

Teive HAG, Munhoz RP, Camargo CHF, Walusinski O. Yawning in neurology: a review. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2018 Jul;76(7):473-480. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X20180057. PMID: 30066799.

Uher R, Farmer A, Henigsberg N, Rietschel M, Mors O, Maier W, Kozel D, Hauser J, Souery D, Placentino A, Strohmaier J, Perroud N, Zobel A, Rajewska-Rager A, Dernovsek MZ, Larsen ER, Kalember P, Giovannini C, Barreto M, McGuffin P, Aitchison KJ. Adverse reactions to antidepressants. Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;195(3):202-10. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.061960. Erratum in: Br J Psychiatry. 2010 May;196(5):417. PMID: 19721108.

Walusinski O. Yawning in diseases. Eur Neurol. 2009;62(3):180-7. doi: 10.1159/000228262. Epub 2009 Jul 11. PMID: 19602891.

BEST books on managing side effects (adverse effects) of psychotropic medications

Side effects (Main menu)

What are the BEST books on each topic related to psychiatry/ mental health?

Disclaimer: The content on this website is provided as general education for medical professionals. It is not intended or recommended for patients or other laypersons or as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Patients must always consult a qualified health care professional regarding their diagnosis and treatment. Healthcare professionals should always check this website for the most recently updated information.