Side effects: References - Simple and Practical Mental Health

This page contains references for each chapter of my book Side Effects of Psychiatric Medications: Prevention, Assessment, and Management (Second edition).

Chapter 1. General principles

Bull SA, Hu XH, Hunkeler EM, et al. Discontinuation of use and switching of antidepressants: influence of patient-physician communication. JAMA. 2002;288(11):1403-1409. PMID: 12234237.

Hu XH, Bull SA, Hunkeler EM, Ming E, Lee JY, Fireman B, Markson LE. Incidence and duration of side effects and those rated as bothersome with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment for depression: patient report versus physician estimate. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(7):959-965. PMID:15291685.

Chapter 2. Anticholinergic side effects

Arnold SE, Kahn RJ, Faldetta LL, Laing RA, McNair DM. Tricyclic antidepressants and peripheral anticholinergic activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1981;74(4):325-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00432740. PMID: 6794075.

Barton C, Sklenicka J, Sayegh P, Yaffe K. Contraindicated medication use among patients in a memory disorders clinic. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2008 Aug;6(3):147-52. PubMed PMID: 18775389.

Boustani MA, Campbell NL, Munger S, Maidment I, Fox GC. Impact of anticholinergics on the aging brain: a review and practical application. Aging Health. 2008;4(3):311-320.

Broderick ED, Metheny H, Crosby B. Anticholinergic Toxicity. 2020 Nov 23. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan–. PMID: 30521219.

Chew ML, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Lehman ME, Greenspan A, Mahmoud RA, Kirshner MA, Sorisio DA, Bies RR, Gharabawi G. Anticholinergic activity of 107 medications commonly used by older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Jul;56(7):1333-41. PubMed PMID: 18510583.

Das S, Chatterjee SS, Malathesh BC. Anticholinergic medications even in therapeutic range can cause recurrence of psychosis. Gen Psychiatr. 2020 Jul 19;33(4):e100235. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100235. PMID: 32783023; PMCID: PMC7371018.

Durán CE, Azermai M, Vander Stichele RH. Systematic review of anticholinergic risk scales in older adults. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Jul;69(7):1485-96. PubMed PMID: 23529548.

Feighner J, Hendrickson G, Miller L, Stern W. Double-blind comparison of doxepin versus bupropion in outpatients with a major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1986 Feb;6(1):27-32. PMID: 3081600.

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Kachru N, Carnahan RM, Johnson ML, Aparasu RR. Potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medication use in older adults with dementia. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2015 Nov-Dec;55(6):603-12. doi: 10.1331/JAPhA.2015.14288. PubMed PMID: 26501745.

Kachru N, Carnahan RM, Johnson ML, Aparasu RR. Potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medication use in community-dwelling older adults: a national cross-sectional study. Drugs Aging. 2015 May;32(5):379-89. PubMed PMID: 25832970.

Krystal AD, Durrence HH, Scharf M, Jochelson P, Rogowski R, Ludington E, Roth T. Efficacy and Safety of Doxepin 1 mg and 3 mg in a 12-week Sleep Laboratory and Outpatient Trial of Elderly Subjects with Chronic Primary Insomnia. Sleep. 2010 Nov;33(11):1553-61. doi: 10.1093/sleep/33.11.1553. PMID: 21102997; PMCID: PMC2954705.

Krystal AD, Lankford A, Durrence HH, Ludington E, Jochelson P, Rogowski R, Roth T. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 3 and 6 mg in a 35-day sleep laboratory trial in adults with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep. 2011 Oct 1;34(10):1433-42. doi: 10.5665/SLEEP.1294. PMID: 21966075; PMCID: PMC3174845.

Lankford A, Rogowski R, Essink B, Ludington E, Heith Durrence H, Roth T. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 6 mg in a four-week outpatient trial of elderly adults with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep Med. 2012 Feb;13(2):133-8. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2011.09.006. Epub 2011 Dec 24. PMID: 22197474.

Mago R. Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Medications: A Call to Action. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016 Sep;39(3):361-73. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2016.04.005. PMID: 27514294.

Mate KE, Kerr KP, Pond D, Williams EJ, Marley J, Disler P, Brodaty H, Magin PJ. Impact of multiple low-level anticholinergic medications on anticholinergic load of community-dwelling elderly with and without dementia. Drugs Aging. 2015 Feb;32(2):159-67. doi: 10.1007/s40266-014-0230-0. PubMed PMID: 25566958.

Ramjan KA, Williams AJ, Isbister GK, Elliott EJ. ‘Red as a beet and blind as a bat’ Anticholinergic delirium in adolescents: lessons for the paediatrician. J Paediatr Child Health. 2007 Nov;43(11):779-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01220.x. PMID: 17924941.

Richey SM, Krystal AD. Pharmacological advances in the treatment of insomnia. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(15):1471-5. doi: 10.2174/138161211796197052. PMID: 21476952.

Roth T, Rogowski R, Hull S, Schwartz H, Koshorek G, Corser B, Seiden D, Lankford A. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 1 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg in adults with primary insomnia. Sleep. 2007 Nov;30(11):1555-61. doi: 10.1093/sleep/30.11.1555. PMID: 18041488; PMCID: PMC2082089.

Rudolph JL, Salow MJ, Angelini MC, McGlinchey RE. The anticholinergic risk scale and anticholinergic adverse effects in older persons. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Mar 10;168(5):508-13. PubMed PMID: 18332297.

Salahudeen MS, Hilmer SN, Nishtala PS. Comparison of anticholinergic risk scales and associations with adverse health outcomes in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Jan;63(1):85-90. PubMed PMID: 25597560.

Scharf M, Rogowski R, Hull S, Cohn M, Mayleben D, Feldman N, Ereshefsky L, Lankford A, Roth T. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 1 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg in elderly patients with primary insomnia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Oct;69(10):1557-64. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v69n1005. Epub 2008 Oct 7. PMID: 19192438.

Wang GS, Baker K, Ng P, Janis GC, Leonard J, Mistry RD, Heard K. A randomized trial comparing physostigmine vs lorazepam for treatment of antimuscarinic (anticholinergic) toxidrome. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2020 Dec 9:1-13. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1854281. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33295809.

Chapter 3. Cardiovascular System

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Alawami M, Wasywich C, Cicovic A, Kenedi C. A systematic review of clozapine induced cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2014 Sep 20;176(2):315-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 25131906.

Andrade C, Sandarsh S, Chethan KB, Nagesh KS. Serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and abnormal bleeding: a review for clinicians and a reconsideration of mechanisms. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;71(12):1565-75. doi: 10.4088/JCP.09r05786blu. Review. PubMed PMID: 21190637.

Bak S, Tsiropoulos I, Kjaersgaard JO, Andersen M, Mellerup E, Hallas J, García Rodríguez LA, Christensen K, Gaist D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of stroke: a population-based case-control study. Stroke. 2002 Jun;33(6):1465-73. PubMed PMID: 12052976.

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Bell C, Coupland N, Creamer P. Digital infarction in a patient with Raynaud’s phenomenon associated with treatment with a specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor. A case report. Angiology. 1996 Sep;47(9):901-3. doi: 10.1177/000331979604700909. PMID: 8810657.

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Löppönen P, Tetri S, Juvela S, Huhtakangas J, Saloheimo P, Bode MK, Hillbom M. Association between warfarin combined with serotonin-modulating antidepressants and increased case fatality in primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a population-based study. J Neurosurg. 2014 Jun;120(6):1358-63. PubMed PMID: 24506245.

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van Walraven C, Mamdani MM, Wells PS, Williams JI. Inhibition of serotonin reuptake by antidepressants and upper gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patients: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2001 Sep 22;323(7314):655-8. PubMed PMID: 11566827; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC55923.

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Chapter 4. Discontinuation syndromes

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Chaudhuri KR, Todorova A, Nirenberg MJ, Parry M, Martin A, Martinez-Martin P, Rizos A, Henriksen T, Jost W, Storch A, Ebersbach G, Reichmann H, Odin P, Antonini A. A Pilot Prospective, Multicenter Observational Study of Dopamine Agonist Withdrawal Syndrome in Parkinson’s Disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2015 Mar 16;2(2):170-174. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.12141. eCollection 2015 Jun. PubMed PMID: 30713891; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6353371. Prospective study of 51 patients.

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Dilsaver SC, Feinberg M, Greden JF. Antidepressant withdrawal symptoms treated with anticholinergic agents. Am J Psychiatry. 1983 Feb;140(2):249-51. PubMed PMID: 6849449.

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Feth N, Cattapan-Ludewig K, Jaquenoud Sirot E. Electric sensations: neglected symptom of escitalopram discontinuation. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;163(1):160. PubMed PMID: 16390910.

Frost L, Lal S. Shock-like sensations after discontinuation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 May;152(5):810. PubMed PMID: 7726327.

Giakas WJ, Davis JM. Intractable withdrawal from venlafaxine treated with fluoxetine. Psychiatric Annals. 1997;27(2):85-92.

Haddad PM, Anderson IM. Recognising and managing antidepressant discontinuation symptoms. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 2007;13:447-457.

Haddad PM, Qureshi M. Misdiagnosis of antidepressant discontinuation symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000 Dec;102(6):466-7; discussion 467-8. PubMed PMID: 11142438.

Harvey BH, McEwen BS, Stein DJ. Neurobiology of antidepressant withdrawal: implications for the longitudinal outcome of depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Nov 15;54(10):1105-17. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00528-6. PMID: 14625154.

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Launois C, Leu-Semenescu S, Brion A, Arnulf I. Major depression after withdrawing dopamine agonists in two patients with restless legs syndrome and impulse control disorders. Sleep Med. 2013 Jul;14(7):696. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.04.009. Epub 2013 May 25. PubMed PMID: 23714418.

Limotai N, Oyama G, Go C, Bernal O, Ong T, Moum SJ, Bhidayasiri R, Foote KD, Bowers D, Ward H, Okun MS. Addiction-like manifestations and Parkinson’s disease: a large single center 9-year experience. Int J Neurosci. 2012 Mar;122(3):145-53. doi: 10.3109/00207454.2011.633722. Epub 2011 Dec 6. PubMed PMID: 22023411.

Nielsen M, Hansen EH, Gøtzsche PC. What is the difference between dependence and withdrawal reactions? A comparison of benzodiazepines and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Addiction. 2012 May;107(5):900-8. PubMed PMID: 21992148.

Nirenberg MJ. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome: implications for patient care. Drugs Aging. 2013 Aug;30(8):587-92. doi: 10.1007/s40266-013-0090-z. Review. PubMed PMID: 23686524.

Ogle NR, Akkerman SR. Guidance for the discontinuation or switching of antidepressant therapies in adults. J Pharm Pract. 2013 Aug;26(4):389-96. PubMed PMID: 23459282. Campagne DM. Venlafaxine and serious withdrawal symptoms: warning to drivers. MedGenMed. 2005 Jul 6;7(3):22. Review. PubMed PMID: 16369248; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1681629.

Patel S, Garcia X, Mohammad ME, Yu XX, Vlastaris K, O’Donnell K, Sutton K, Fernandez HH. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome (DAWS) in a tertiary Parkinson disease treatment center. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Aug 15;379:308-311. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.06.022. Epub 2017 Jun 16. PubMed PMID: 28716269. Large study but retrospective.

Pitchot W, Ansseau M. Shock-like sensations associated with duloxetine discontinuation. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Jul-Sep;20(3):175. PubMed PMID: 18633745.

Pondal M, Marras C, Miyasaki J, Moro E, Armstrong MJ, Strafella AP, Shah BB, Fox S, Prashanth LK, Phielipp N, Lang AE. Clinical features of dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in a movement disorders clinic. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013 Feb;84(2):130-5. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302684. Epub 2012 Aug 29. PubMed PMID: 22933817.

Prakash O, Dhar V. Emergence of electric shock-like sensations on escitalopram discontinuation. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jun;28(3):359-60. PubMed PMID: 18480703.

Rabinak CA, Nirenberg MJ. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2010 Jan;67(1):58-63. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.294. PubMed PMID: 20065130. The first published report of DAWS.

Raby WN. Treatment of venlafaxine discontinuation symptoms with ondansetron. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998 Nov;59(11):621-2. PubMed PMID: 9862610.

Reeves RR, Mack JE, Beddingfield JJ. Shock-like sensations during venlafaxine withdrawal. Pharmacotherapy. 2003 May;23(5):678-81. PubMed PMID: 12741444.

Schatzberg AF, Blier P, Delgado PL, Fava M, Haddad PM, Shelton RC. Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome: consensus panel recommendations for clinical management and additional research. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67 Suppl 4:27-30. Review. PubMed PMID: 16683860.

Schechter JO. Treatment of disequilibrium and nausea in the SRI discontinuation syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998 Aug;59(8):431-2. PubMed PMID: 9721826.

Shimo Y, Nakajima A, Hattori N. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in a patient with restless legs syndrome without impulse control disorder or drug abuse. Neurol Sci. 2015 Jun;36(6):1021-3. doi: 10.1007/s10072-014-1996-x. Epub 2014 Nov 2. PubMed PMID: 25362251.

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Terao T. Misdiagnosis of antidepressant discontinuation symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001 Jul;104(1):77-8. PubMed PMID: 11437757.

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Wolfe RM. Antidepressant withdrawal reactions. Am Fam Physician. 1997 Aug;56(2):455-62. Erratum in: Am Fam Physician 1998 Feb 15;57(4):646. PMID: 9262526.

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Chapter 5. Ears

Ahmad S. Venlafaxine and severe tinnitus. Am Fam Physician. 1995 Jun;51(8):1830. PMID: 7762476. Case report.

Baldo P, Doree C, Molin P, McFerran D, Cecco S. Antidepressants for patients with tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;2012(9):CD003853. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003853.pub3. PMID: 22972065; PMCID: PMC7156891. A systematic review of clinical trials.

Belli H, Belli S, Oktay MF, Ural C. Psychopathological dimensions of tinnitus and psychopharmacologic approaches in its treatment. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012 May-Jun;34(3):282-9. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.006. Epub 2012 Jan 27. PMID: 22283657.

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Dobie RA, Sakai CS, Sullivan MD, Katon WJ, Russo J. Antidepressant treatment of tinnitus patients: report of a randomized clinical trial and clinical prediction of benefit. Am J Otol. 1993 Jan;14(1):18-23. PMID: 8424470.

Golden RN, Evans DL. Antidepressants and tinnitus. Arch Intern Med. 1994 Jun 27;154(12):1411. doi: 10.1001/archinte.154.12.1411a. PMID: 8002694. Letter to the Editor.

Humma LM, Swims MP. Bupropion mimics a transient ischemic attack. Ann Pharmacother. 1999 Mar;33(3):305-7. doi: 10.1345/aph.18206. PMID: 10200854. Settle EC Jr. Tinnitus related to bupropion treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Aug;52(8):352. PMID: 1907965. Case reports.

Jacobson GP, McCaslin DL. A search for evidence of a direct relationship between tinnitus and suicide. J Am Acad Audiol. 2001 Nov-Dec;12(10):493-6. PMID: 11791935.

Langguth B, Landgrebe M, Wittmann M, Kleinjung T, Hajak G. Persistent tinnitus induced by tricyclic antidepressants. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Aug;24(8):1273-5. doi: 10.1177/0269881109106929. Epub 2009 Oct 13. PMID: 19825900.

Mendis D, Johnston M. An unusual case of prolonged tinnitus following low-dose amitriptyline. J Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jul;22(5):574-5. doi: 10.1177/0269881107082126. Epub 2008 Feb 28. PMID: 18308819. Settle EC Jr. Tinnitus related to bupropion treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Aug;52(8):352. PMID: 1907965. Case report.

Miller CW. Development of Tinnitus at a Low Dose of Sertraline: Clinical Course and Proposed Mechanisms. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2016;2016:1790692. doi: 10.1155/2016/1790692. Epub 2016 Sep 15. PMID: 27703829; PMCID: PMC5040800.

Oishi N, Kanzaki S, Shinden S, Saito H, Inoue Y, Ogawa K. Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor on treating tinnitus in patients stratified for presence of depression or anxiety. Audiol Neurootol. 2010;15(3):187-93. doi: 10.1159/000251916. Epub 2009 Oct 23. PMID: 19851065.

Pinto PC, Marcelos CM, Mezzasalma MA, Osterne FJ, de Melo Tavares de Lima MA, Nardi AE. Tinnitus and its association with psychiatric disorders: systematic review. J Laryngol Otol. 2014 Aug;128(8):660-4. doi: 10.1017/S0022215114001030. Epub 2014 Jul 17. PMID: 25033303.

Pondrom MF, Brahm NC. Venlafaxine-associated tinnitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2009 Sep 15;66(18):1606, 1608. doi: 10.2146/ajhp090309. PMID: 19729562. Case report.

Robinson SK, Viirre ES, Bailey KA, Gerke MA, Harris JP, Stein MB. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in the treatment of nondepressed tinnitus subjects. Psychosom Med. 2005 Nov-Dec;67(6):981-8. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000188479.04891.74. Erratum in: Psychosom Med. 2006 Jan-Feb;68(1):1 p preceding 1. Stein, Murray B [added]. PMID: 16314604.

Robinson SK, Viirre ES, Stein MB. Antidepressant therapy in tinnitus. Hear Res. 2007 Apr;226(1-2):221-31. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2006.08.004. Epub 2006 Sep 14. PMID: 16973315.

Savage J, Waddell A. Tinnitus. BMJ Clin Evid. 2014 Oct 20;2014:0506. PMID: 25328113; PMCID: PMC4202663.

Settle EC Jr. Tinnitus related to bupropion treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Aug;52(8):352. PMID: 1907965. Case report.

Sismanis A. Pulsatile tinnitus: contemporary assessment and management. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011 Oct;19(5):348-57. doi: 10.1097/MOO.0b013e3283493fd8. PMID: 22552697.

Sullivan M, Katon W, Russo J, Dobie R, Sakai C. A randomized trial of nortriptyline for severe chronic tinnitus. Effects on depression, disability, and tinnitus symptoms. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Oct 11;153(19):2251-9. PMID: 8215728.

Sullivan MD, Dobie RA, Sakai CS, Katon WJ. Treatment of depressed tinnitus patients with nortriptyline. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1989 Nov;98(11):867-72. doi: 10.1177/000348948909801107. PMID: 2817678.

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Tunkel DE, Bauer CA, Sun GH, Rosenfeld RM, Chandrasekhar SS, Cunningham ER Jr, Archer SM, Blakley BW, Carter JM, Granieri EC, Henry JA, Hollingsworth D, Khan FA, Mitchell S, Monfared A, Newman CW, Omole FS, Phillips CD, Robinson SK, Taw MB, Tyler RS, Waguespack R, Whamond EJ. Clinical practice guideline: tinnitus. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Oct;151(2 Suppl):S1-S40. doi: 10.1177/0194599814545325. PMID: 25273878.

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Chapter 6. Electrolytes

Allan R, Foster C. Problem-based review: A patient with metabolic acidosis. Acute Med. 2012;11(4):251-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 23364112.

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Beers E, van Puijenbroek EP, Bartelink IH, van der Linden CM, Jansen PA. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) or hyponatraemia associated with valproic Acid: four case reports from the Netherlands and a case/non-case analysis of vigibase. Drug Saf. 2010 Jan 1;33(1):47-55. PubMed PMID: 20000866.

Berend K. Review of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2017 Dec;3(4):149-159. doi: 10.1159/000479279. Epub 2017 Sep 1. Review. PubMed PMID: 29344509; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5757610.

Brubaker RH, Meseeha M. High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis. 2018 Oct 27. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from http://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/books/NBK448090/ PubMed PMID: 28846305.

Burmeister JE, Pereira RR, Hartke EM, Kreuz M. Topiramate and severe metabolic acidosis: case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2005 Jun;63(2B):532-4. Epub 2005 Jul 25. PubMed PMID: 16059613.

Centor RM. Serum Total Carbon Dioxide. In: Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK308

De Picker L, Van Den Eede F, Dumont G, Moorkens G, Sabbe BG. Antidepressants and the risk of hyponatremia: a class-by-class review of literature. Psychosomatics. 2014 Nov-Dec;55(6):536-47. doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2014.01.010. Epub 2014 Apr 21. Review. PubMed PMID: 25262043.

Fabian TJ, Amico JA, Kroboth PD, Mulsant BH, Corey SE, Begley AE, Bensasi SG, Weber E, Dew MA, Reynolds CF 3rd, Pollock BG. Paroxetine-induced hyponatremia in older adults: a 12-week prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Feb 9;164(3):327-32. PubMed PMID: 14769630.

Fakhoury T, Murray L, Seger D, McLean M, Abou-Khalil B. Topiramate Overdose: Clinical and Laboratory Features. Epilepsy Behav. 2002 Apr;3(2):185-189. PubMed PMID: 12609421.

Fall PJ. A stepwise approach to acid-base disorders. Practical patient evaluation for metabolic acidosis and other conditions. Postgrad Med. 2000 Mar;107(3):249-50, 253-4, 257-8 passim. Review. PubMed PMID: 10728149.

Grant P, Ayuk J, Bouloux PM, Cohen M, Cranston I, Murray RD, Rees A, Thatcher N, Grossman A. The diagnosis and management of inpatient hyponatraemia and SIADH. Eur J Clin Invest. 2015 Aug;45(8):888-94. PubMed PMID: 25995119; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4744950.

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Langman LJ, Jannetto PJ, Sztajnkrycer MD. Unidentified anion gap metabolic acidosis. Clin Biochem. 2019 Mar;65:53-54. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.12.006. Epub 2018 Dec 19. PubMed PMID: 30578759.

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Lu X, Wang X. Hyponatremia induced by antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2017 Jan;16(1):77-87. Review. PubMed PMID: 27737595.

Mago R, Mahajan R, Thase ME. Medically serious adverse effects of newer antidepressants. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2008 Jun;10(3):249-57. Review. PubMed PMID: 18652794.

Mirza N, Marson AG, Pirmohamed M. Effect of topiramate on acid-base balance: extent, mechanism and effects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Nov;68(5):655-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03521.x. PubMed PMID: 19916989; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2791971.

Mirza NS, Alfirevic A, Jorgensen A, Marson AG, Pirmohamed M. Metabolic acidosis with topiramate and zonisamide: an assessment of its severity and predictors. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2011 May;21(5):297-302. doi: 10.1097/FPC.0b013e3283441b95. PubMed PMID: 21278619.

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Rastegar M, Nagami GT. Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis: A Clinical Approach to Evaluation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017 Feb;69(2):296-301. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.09.013. Epub 2016 Oct 28. PubMed PMID: 28029394.

Reddy P, Mooradian AD. Clinical utility of anion gap in deciphering acid-base disorders. Int J Clin Pract. 2009 Oct;63(10):1516-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02000.x. Review. PubMed PMID: 19769708.

Roxanas M, Hibbert E, Field M. Venlafaxine hyponatraemia: incidence, mechanism and management. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007 May;41(5):411-8. PubMed PMID: 17464733.

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Sinha A, Oo P, Asghar MU, Cheema HA, Mehta SS, Leinwand JC, Janga K. Type II Renal Tubular Acidosis Secondary to Topiramate: A Review. Cureus. 2018 Nov 26;10(11):e3635. doi: 10.7759/cureus.3635. Review. PubMed PMID: 30755834; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6351003.

Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, Korzelius C, Schrier RW, Sterns RH, Thompson CJ. Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations. Am J Med. 2013 Oct;126(10 Suppl 1):S1-42. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.07.006. PubMed PMID: 24074529.

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Wilson WC. Clinical approach to acid-base analysis. Importance of the anion gap. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2001 Dec;19(4):907-12. Review. PubMed PMID: 11778385.

Chapter 7. Endocrine glands

Abdel Gadir A, Khatim MS, Muharib NS, Shaw RW. The aetiology of galactorrhoea in women with regular menstruation and normal prolactin levels. Hum Reprod. 1992 Aug;7(7):912-4. PubMed PMID: 1430126.

Abraham G, Paing WW, Kaminski J, Joseph A, Kohegyi E, Josiassen RC. Effects of elevated serum prolactin on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in female patients with schizophrenia: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;160(9):1618-20. PubMed PMID: 12944336.

Agarwal M, Das A, Singh SA. Hyperprolactinemia with normal serum prolactin: Its clinical significance. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2010 May;3(2):111-2. PubMed PMID: 21209758; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2970787.

Ajmal A, Joffe H, Nachtigall LB. Psychotropic-induced hyperprolactinemia: a clinical review. Psychosomatics. 2014 Jan-Feb;55(1):29-36. Review. PubMed PMID: 24140188.

Bauer M, Blumentritt H, Finke R, Schlattmann P, Adli M, Baethge C, Bschor T, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Berghöfer A. Using ultrasonography to determine thyroid size and prevalence of goiter in lithium-treated patients with affective disorders. J Affect Disord. 2007 Dec;104(1-3):45-51. PubMed PMID: 17346802.

Bendz H, Sjödin I, Toss G, Berglund K. Hyperparathyroidism and long-term lithium therapy–a cross-sectional study and the effect of lithium withdrawal. J Intern Med. 1996 Dec;240(6):357-65. PubMed PMID: 9010382.

Berger M, Riedel M, Tomova N, Obermeier M, Seemüller F, Dittmann S, Moeller HJ, Severus E. Do current screening recommendations allow for early detection of lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism in patients with bipolar disorder? Int J Bipolar Disord. 2013 Jun 14;1:7. PubMed PMID: 25505674; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4230432.

Bocchetta A, Cocco F, Velluzzi F, Del Zompo M, Mariotti S, Loviselli A. Fifteen-year follow-up of thyroid function in lithium patients. J Endocrinol Invest. 2007 May;30(5):363-6. PubMed PMID: 17598966.

Broome JT, Solorzano CC. Lithium use and primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2011 Mar-Apr;17 Suppl 1:31-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 21247849.

Brown EM. Lithium induces abnormal calcium-regulated PTH release in dispersed bovine parathyroid cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981 May;52(5):1046-8. PubMed PMID: 7228989.

Carchman E, Ogilvie J, Holst J, Yim J, Carty S. Appropriate surgical treatment of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 2008 Oct;32(10):2195-9. doi: 10.1007/s00268-008-9616-7. PubMed PMID: 18463919.

Daniels GH, Hayden DL, Goff DC, Kearns AE. Effect of risperidone dose on serum prolactin level. Endocr Pract. 2001 May-Jun;7(3):224. PubMed PMID: 11421571.

De Hert M, Detraux J, Peuskens J. Second-generation and newly approved antipsychotics, serum prolactin levels and sexual dysfunctions: a critical literature review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014 May;13(5):605-24. Review. PubMed PMID: 24697217.

De Hert M, Detraux J, Stubbs B. Relationship between antipsychotic medication, serum prolactin levels and osteoporosis/osteoporotic fractures in patients with schizophrenia: a critical literature review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2016 Jun;15(6):809-23. Review. PubMed PMID: 26986209.

Dixon M, Luthra V, Todd C. Use of cinacalcet in lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism. BMJ Case Rep. 2018 Aug 29;2018. pii: bcr-2018-225154. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225154. PubMed PMID: 30158262.

Dyer O. Johnson & Johnson is ordered to pay $70m to boy who developed gynecomastia. BMJ. 2016 Jul 11;354:i3846. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i3846. PMID: 27402539.

Etminan M, Carleton B, Brophy JM. Risperidone and Risk of Gynecomastia in Young Men. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015 Nov;25(9):671-3. doi: 10.1089/cap.2015.0024. Epub 2015 Aug 19. PMID: 26287371.

Fagiolini A, Kupfer DJ, Scott J, Swartz HA, Cook D, Novick DM, Frank E. Hypothyroidism in patients with bipolar I disorder treated primarily with lithium. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2006 Apr-Jun;15(2):123-7. PubMed PMID: 16865933.

Gitlin M. Lithium side effects and toxicity: prevalence and management strategies. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2016 Dec;4(1):27. Review. PubMed PMID: 27900734; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5164879.

Goel P, Kahkasha, Narang S, Gupta BK, Goel K. Evaluation of serum prolactin level in patients of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015 Jan;9(1):BC15-7. PubMed PMID: 25737975; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4347066.

Grandjean EM, Aubry JM. Lithium: updated human knowledge using an evidence-based approach: part III: clinical safety. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(5):397-418. Review. PubMed PMID: 19453201.

Gregoor PS, de Jong GM. Lithium hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, and cinacalcet. Kidney Int. 2007 Mar;71(5):470. PubMed PMID: 17315015.

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Holt RI. Medical causes and consequences of hyperprolactinaemia. A context for psychiatrists. J Psychopharmacol. 2008 Mar;22(2 Suppl):28-37. doi: 10.1177/0269881107087951. PMID: 18477618.

Hong L, Newton H, Nance M. Management of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;46(6):585. PubMed PMID: 22528977.

Ibrahim Y, Mohamed SE, Deniwar A, Al-Qurayshi ZH, Kandil E. Lithium-Associated Hyperparathyroidism: A Pooled Analysis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec.2015;77(5):273-80. Review. PubMed PMID: 26315685.

Jackson J, Safranek S, Daugird A. Clinical inquiries. What is the recommended evaluation and treatment for elevated serum prolactin? J Fam Pract. 2005 Oct;54(10):897-8, 901. PubMed PMID: 16202380.

Järhult J, Ander S, Asking B, Jansson S, Meehan A, Kristoffersson A, Nordenström J. Long-term results of surgery for lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. Br J Surg. 2010 Nov;97(11):1680-5. doi: 10.1002/bjs.7199. PubMed PMID: 20665482.

Johnston AM, Eagles JM. Lithium-associated clinical hypothyroidism. Prevalence and risk factors. Br J Psychiatry. 1999 Oct;175:336-9. PubMed PMID: 10789300.

Kandil E, Dackiw AP, Alabbas H, Abdullah O, Tufaro AP, Tufano RP. A profile of patients with hyperparathyroidism undergoing lithium therapy for affective psychiatric disorders. Head Neck. 2011 Jul;33(7):925-7. PubMed PMID: 21557377.

Kelly DL, Wehring HJ, Earl AK, Sullivan KM, Dickerson FB, Feldman S, McMahon RP, Buchanan RW, Warfel D, Keller WR, Fischer BA, Shim JC. Treating symptomatic hyperprolactinemia in women with schizophrenia: presentation of the ongoing DAAMSEL clinical trial (Dopamine partial Agonist, Aripiprazole, for the Management of Symptomatic ELevated prolactin). BMC Psychiatry. 2013 Aug 22;13:214. PubMed PMID: 23968123; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3766216.

Khandwala HM, Van Uum S. Reversible hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism associated with lithium therapy: case report and review of literature. Endocr Pract. 2006 Jan-Feb;12(1):54-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 16524864.

Kibirige D, Luzinda K, Ssekitoleko R. Spectrum of lithium induced thyroid abnormalities: a current perspective. Thyroid Res. 2013 Feb 7;6(1):3. PubMed PMID: 23391071; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3568739.

Kinsella C Jr, Landfair A, Rottgers SA, Cray JJ, Weidman C, Deleyiannis FW, Grunwaldt L, Losee JE. The psychological burden of idiopathic adolescent gynecomastia. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012 Jan;129(1):1-7. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182361efd. PMID: 21915084.

Kleiner J, Altshuler L, Hendrick V, Hershman JM. Lithium-induced subclinical hypothyroidism: review of the literature and guidelines for treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999 Apr;60(4):249-55. Review. PubMed PMID: 10221287.

Klil-Drori AJ, Yin H, Abenhaim HA, du Fort GG, Azoulay L. Prolactin-Elevating Antipsychotics and the Risk of Endometrial Cancer. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017 Jun;78(6):714-719. PubMed PMID: 28199787.

Lahiri KD, Baruah M, Ghosh J, Sengupta S. Establishment of reference interval of serum prolactin in an Indian population. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014 Jul;8(7):CC08-10. PubMed PMID: 25177560; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4149066.

Lally J, Lee B, McDonald C. Prevalence of hypercalcaemia in patients on maintenance lithium therapy monitored in primary care. Ir Med J. 2013 Jan;106(1):15-7. Erratum in: Ir Med J. 2013 Feb;106(2):62. PubMed PMID: 23472370.

Lehmann SW, Lee J. Lithium-associated hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: what do we know? J Affect Disord. 2013 Apr 5;146(2):151-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 22985484.

Levy A. Interpreting raised serum prolactin results. BMJ. 2014 May 23;348:g3207. PubMed PMID: 24859901.

Lienert D, Rege S. Moans, stones, groans, bones and psychiatric overtones: lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;42(2):171-3. PubMed PMID: 18350681.

Livingstone C, Rampes H. Lithium: a review of its metabolic adverse effects. J Psychopharmacol. 2006 May;20(3):347-55. Epub 2005 Sep 20. Review. PubMed PMID: 16174674.

Lozano R, Marin R, Santacruz MJ, Pascual A. Sustained Hyperparathyroidism Among Patients Treated With Lithium. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Apr;36(2):190-1. PubMed PMID: 26848789.

Marken PA, Haykal RF, Fisher JN. Management of psychotropic-induced hyperprolactinemia. Clin Pharm. 1992 Oct;11(10):851-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 1341991.

Marti JL, Yang CS, Carling T, Roman SA, Sosa JA, Donovan P, Guoth MS, Heller KS, Udelsman R. Surgical approach and outcomes in patients with lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012 Oct;19(11):3465-71. doi: 10.1245/s10434-012-2367-6. Epub 2012 Jun 6. PubMed PMID: 22669448.

McKnight RF, Adida M, Budge K, Stockton S, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR. Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012 Feb 25;379(9817):721-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 22265699.

Meehan AD, Humble MB, Yazarloo P, Järhult J, Wallin G. The prevalence of lithium associated hyperparathyroidism in a large Swedish population attending psychiatric outpatient units. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015 Jun;35(3):279-85. PubMed PMID: 25853371

Meehan AD, Udumyan R, Kardell M, Landén M, Järhult J, Wallin G. Lithium-Associated Hypercalcemia: Pathophysiology, Prevalence, Management. World J Surg. 2018 Feb;42(2):415-424. PubMed PMID: 29260296; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5762804.

Meltzer HY, Fleming R. Effect of buspirone on prolactin and growth hormone secretion in laboratory rodents and man. J Clin Psychiatry. 1982 Dec;43(12 Pt 2):76-9. PubMed PMID: 6130077.

Meltzer HY, Flemming R, Robertson A. The effect of buspirone on prolactin and growth hormone secretion in man. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983 Oct;40(10):1099-102. PubMed PMID: 6138009.

Pacchiarotti I, Murru A, Kotzalidis GD, Bonnin CM, Mazzarini L, Colom F, Vieta E. Hyperprolactinemia and medications for bipolar disorder: systematic review of a neglected issue in clinical practice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015 Aug;25(8):1045-59. Review. PubMed PMID: 25937241.

Pamathy G, Jayarajah U, Wangmo T, Banagala ASK. Lithium-induced Symptomatic Hypercalcemia and Hyperparathyroidism in a Patient with Bipolar Affective Disorder: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Indian J Psychol Med. 2018 Jul-Aug;40(4):378-380. PubMed PMID: 30093752; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6065126.

Peuskens J, Pani L, Detraux J, De Hert M. The effects of novel and newly approved antipsychotics on serum prolactin levels: a comprehensive review. CNS Drugs. 2014 May;28(5):421-53. doi: 10.1007/s40263-014-0157-3. Review. PubMed PMID: 24677189; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4022988.

Rahman T, Clevenger CV, Kaklamani V, Lauriello J, Campbell A, Malwitz K, Kirkland RS. Antipsychotic treatment in breast cancer patients. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Jun;171(6):616-21. Review. PubMed PMID: 24880509.

Roke Y, van Harten PN, Boot AM, Buitelaar JK. Antipsychotic medication in children and adolescents: a descriptive review of the effects on prolactin level and associated side effects. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009 Aug;19(4):403-14. doi: 10.1089/cap.2008.0120. PMID: 19702492.

Shapiro HI, Davis KA. Hypercalcemia and “primary” hyperparathyroidism during lithium therapy. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Jan;172(1):12-5. PubMed PMID: 25553494.

Shim JC, Shin JG, Kelly DL, Jung DU, Seo YS, Liu KH, Shon JH, Conley RR. Adjunctive treatment with a dopamine partial agonist, aripiprazole, for antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: a placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;164(9):1404-10. PubMed PMID: 17728426.

Shine B, McKnight RF, Leaver L, Geddes JR. Long-term effects of lithium on renal, thyroid, and parathyroid function: a retrospective analysis of laboratory data. Lancet. 2015 Aug 1;386(9992):461-8. PubMed PMID: 26003379.

Sloand JA, Shelly MA. Normalization of lithium-induced hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism with cinacalcet hydrochloride. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006 Nov;48(5):832-7. PubMed PMID: 17060004.

Souberbielle JC, Cavalier E, Cormier C. How to manage an isolated elevated PTH? Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2015 May;76(2):134-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.03.005. Epub 2015 Apr 13. Review. PubMed PMID: 25882890.

Sternbach H. Venlafaxine-induced galactorrhea. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003 Feb;23(1):109-10. PubMed PMID: 12544389.

Suda DA, Schlickman PW, Perry PJ. The clinical dilemma of lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism in a treatment responsive patient: a case report. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Apr-Jun;18(2):131-2. PubMed PMID: 16754420.

Szalat A, Mazeh H, Freund HR. Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism: report of four cases and review of the literature. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Feb;160(2):317-23. doi: 10.1530/EJE-08-0620. Epub 2008 Nov 10. Review. PubMed PMID: 19001061.

Twigt BA, Houweling BM, Vriens MR, Regeer EJ, Kupka RW, Rinkes IH, Valk GD. Hypercalcemia in patients with bipolar disorder treated with lithium: a cross-sectional study. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2013 Sep 16;1:18. PubMed PMID: 25505684; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4230442.

Yeh MW, Ituarte PH, Zhou HC, Nishimoto S, Liu IL, Harari A, Haigh PI, Adams AL. Incidence and prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism in a racially mixed population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Mar;98(3):1122-9. PubMed PMID: 23418315; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3590475.

Chapter 8. Eyes

Carter JG, Schmidt R, Carter PA. Treating blurred vision associated with antipsychotic medication. Am J Psychiatry. 1977 Aug;134(8):941. PubMed PMID: 879373

Chen HY, Lin CL, Lai SW, Kao CH. Association of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Use and Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Jun;77(6):e692-6. PubMed PMID: 27135704.

Chen VC, Ng MH, Chiu WC, McIntyre RS, Lee Y, Lin TY, Weng JC, Chen PC, Hsu CY. Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on glaucoma: A nationwide population-based study. PLoS One. 2017 Mar 3;12(3):e0173005. PubMed PMID: 28257449; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5336262.

Costagliola C, Parmeggiani F, Sebastiani A. SSRIs and intraocular pressure modifications: evidence, therapeutic implications and possible mechanisms. CNS Drugs. 2004;18(8):475-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 15182218.

Costagliola C, Parmeggiani F, Semeraro F, Sebastiani A. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a review of its effects on intraocular pressure. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2008 Dec;6(4):293-310. PubMed PMID: 19587851; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2701282.

Golberg J, Ernst C. Managing the Side Effects of Psychotropic Medications. Amer Psychiatric Pub Inc; Revised edition, 2018.

Karadağ H, Acar M, Özdel K. Aripiprazole Induced Acute Transient Bilateral Myopia: A Case Report. Balkan Med J. 2015 Apr;32(2):230-2. PubMed PMID: 26167352; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4432708.

Malone DA Jr, Camara EG, Krug JH Jr. Ophthalmologic effects of psychotropic medications. Psychosomatics. 1992 Summer;33(3):271-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 1410200.

McDougal DH, Gamlin PD. Autonomic control of the eye. Compr Physiol. 2015 Jan;5(1):439-73. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c140014. Review. PubMed PMID: 25589275; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4919817.

Oshika T. Ocular adverse effects of neuropsychiatric agents. Incidence and management. Drug Saf. 1995 Apr;12(4):256-63. Review. PubMed PMID: 7646824.

Richa S, Yazbek JC. Ocular adverse effects of common psychotropic agents: a review. CNS Drugs. 2010 Jun;24(6):501-26. Review. PubMed PMID: 20443647.

Seitz DP, Campbell RJ, Bell CM, Gill SS, Gruneir A, Herrmann N, Newman AM, Anderson G, Rochon PA. Short-term exposure to antidepressant drugs and risk of acute angle-closure glaucoma among older adults. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jun;32(3):403-7. PubMed PMID: 22544015.

Shapiro AK. More on drug-induced blurred vision. Am J Psychiatry. 1977 Dec;134(12):1449. PubMed PMID: 920863.

Uzun S, Kozumplik O, Folnegovic-Smalc V, Jukic V, Petrinovic-Doresic J, Dorn L, Milas DZ, Mimica N. Treatment with risperidone and occurrence of blurred vision: a question of higher dosage. Can J Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;49(9):647. PubMed PMID: 15503746. Blurred vision improved in two weeks after the dose of risperidone was reduced but couldn’t it also have been due to development of tolerance?

Chapter 9. Gastrointestinal tract

Abraham B, Sellin JH. Drug-induced diarrhea. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007 Oct;9(5):365-72. Review. PubMed PMID: 17991336.

Asconapé JJ, Penry JK, Dreifuss FE, Riela A, Mirza W. Valproate-associated pancreatitis. Epilepsia. 1993 Jan-Feb;34(1):177-83. PubMed PMID: 8422855.

Bale JF Jr, Gay PE, Madsen JA. Monitoring of serum amylase levels during valproic acid therapy. Ann Neurol. 1982 Feb;11(2):217-8. PubMed PMID: 6176180.

Chapman SA, Wacksman GP, Patterson BD. Pancreatitis associated with valproic acid: a review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy. 2001 Dec;21(12):1549-60. Review. PubMed PMID: 11765305.

Chougule A, Praharaj SK, Bhat SM, Sharma PSVN. Prevalence and Factors Associated With Clozapine-Related Constipation: An Observational Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018 Feb;38(1):42-46. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000824. PubMed PMID: 29257785.

Chukhin E, Takala P, Hakko H, Raidma M, Putkonen H, Räsänen P, Terevnikov V, Stenberg JH, Eronen M, Joffe G. In a randomized placebo-controlled add-on study orlistat significantly reduced clozapine-induced constipation. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Mar;28(2):67-70. doi: 10.1097/YIC.0b013e32835b08d2. PubMed PMID: 23187856.

Citrome L, McEvoy JP, Saklad SR. Guide to the Management of Clozapine-Related Tolerability and Safety Concerns. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. Fall 2016;10(3):163-177. Review. PubMed PMID: 27732102.

Cofini M, Quadrozzi F, Favoriti P, Favoriti M, Cofini G. Valproic acid-induced acute pancreatitis in pediatric age: case series and review of literature. G Chir. 2015 Jul-Aug;36(4):158-60. Review. PubMed PMID: 26712070; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4732585.

Davis C, Fattore L, Kaplan AS, Carter JC, Levitan RD, Kennedy JL. The suppression of appetite and food consumption by methylphenidate: the moderating effects of gender and weight status in healthy adults. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012 Mar;15(2):181-7. PubMed PMID: 21733284.

Daviss WB, Scott J. A chart review of cyproheptadine for stimulant-induced weight loss. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004 Spring;14(1):65-73. PubMed PMID: 15142393.

Drew L, Herdson P. Clozapine and constipation: a serious issue. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1997 Feb;31(1):149-50. PubMed PMID: 9088503.

Dunner et al. Clinical consequences of initial duloxetine dosing strategies: Comparison of 30 and 60 mg QD starting doses. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2005;66(6):522-40. PubMed PMID: 24678074

Edström A, Persson G. Comparison of side effects with coated lithium carbonate tablets and lithium sulphate preparations giving medium-slow and slow-release. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1977 Feb;55(2):153-8. PubMed PMID: 320832.

Ellis P, Harrison-Woolrych M, McLean R. Clozapine – fatal constipation more common than fatal agranulocytosis. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2006 Dec;18(6):285. doi: 10.1017/S0924270800031148. PubMed PMID: 27397272.

Every-Palmer S, Newton-Howes G, Clarke MJ. Pharmacological Treatment for Antipsychotic-Related Constipation. Schizophr Bull. 2017 May;43(3):490-492. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbx011. Epub 2017 Feb 14. PubMed PMID: 28204805; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5463924.

Food and Drug Administration. FDA strengthens warning that untreated constipation caused by schizophrenia medicine clozapine (Clozaril) can lead to serious bowel problems. January 28, 2020, FDA Drug Safety Communication. Last accessed March 25, 2020.

Gerstner T, Büsing D, Bell N, Longin E, Kasper JM, Klostermann W, Hebing B, Hanefeld F, Eckel U, Hoffmann R, Bettendorf U, Weidner B, Wiemer-Kruel A, Brockmann K, Neumann FW, Sandrieser T, Wolff M, König S. Valproic acid-induced pancreatitis: 16 new cases and a review of the literature. J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan;42(1):39-48. Review. PubMed PMID: 17322992.

Grandjean EM, Aubry JM. Lithium: updated human knowledge using an evidence-based approach: part III: clinical safety. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(5):397-418. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200923050-00004. Review. PubMed PMID: 19453201.

Grauso-Eby NL, Goldfarb O, Feldman-Winter LB, McAbee GN. Acute pancreatitis in children from Valproic acid: case series and review. Pediatr Neurol. 2003 Feb;28(2):145-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 12699868.

Hayes G, Gibler B. Clozapine-induced constipation. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Feb;152(2):298. PubMed PMID: 7840373.

Hibbard KR, Propst A, Frank DE, Wyse J. Fatalities associated with clozapine-related constipation and bowel obstruction: a literature review and two case reports. Psychosomatics. 2009 Jul-Aug;50(4):416-9. doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.50.4.416. Review. PubMed PMID: 19687183.

Hilger E, Quiner S, Ginzel I, Walter H, Saria L, Barnas C. The effect of orlistat on plasma levels of psychotropic drugs in patients with long-term psychopharmacotherapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Feb;22(1):68-70. PubMed PMID: 11799345.

Ingimarsson O, MacCabe JH, Sigurdsson E. Constipation, ileus and medication use during clozapine treatment in patients with schizophrenia in Iceland. Nord J Psychiatry. 2018 Oct;72(7):497-500. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2018.1517189. Epub 2018 Oct 22. PubMed PMID: 30348045.

Jeppsson J, Sjögren J. The influence of food on side effects and absorption of lithium. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1975 May;51(4):285-8. PubMed PMID: 1096537.

Joffe G, Takala P, Tchoukhine E, Hakko H, Raidma M, Putkonen H, Eronen M, Räsänen P. Orlistat in clozapine- or olanzapine-treated patients with overweight or obesity: a 16-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 May;69(5):706-11. PubMed PMID: 18426261.

Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, Nelson RL. Lactulose versus Polyethylene Glycol for Chronic Constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jul 7;(7):CD007570. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007570.pub2. Review. PubMed PMID: 20614462.

Levin TT, Barrett J, Mendelowitz A. Death from clozapine-induced constipation: case report and literature review. Psychosomatics. 2002 Jan-Feb;43(1):71-3. Review. PubMed PMID: 11927763.

Meyer JM, Cummings MA. Lubiprostone for treatment-resistant constipation associated with clozapine use. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014 Jul;130(1):71-2. doi: 10.1111/acps.12259. PubMed PMID: 24912951.

Mohan I, Wendelborn K. Constipation associated with clozapine: need for closer monitoring. Australas Psychiatry. 2016 Feb;24(1):97. doi: 10.1177/1039856215604487. PubMed PMID: 26850951.

Nielsen J, Correll CU, Manu P, Kane JM. Termination of clozapine treatment due to medical reasons: when is it warranted and how can it be avoided? J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Jun;74(6):603-13; quiz 613. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12r08064. Review. PubMed PMID: 23842012.

Öhlund L, Ott M, Oja S, Bergqvist M, Lundqvist R, Sandlund M, Salander Renberg E, Werneke U. Reasons for lithium discontinuation in men and women with bipolar disorder: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Psychiatry. 2018 Feb 7;18(1):37. doi: 10.1186/s12888-018-1622-1. Erratum in: BMC Psychiatry. 2018 Oct 3;18(1):322. PubMed PMID: 29415689; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5804058.

Oke V, Schmidt F, Bhattarai B, Basunia M, Agu C, Kaur A, Enriquez D, Quist J, Salhan D, Gayam V, Mungikar P. Unrecognized clozapine-related constipation leading to fatal intra-abdominal sepsis – a case report. Int Med Case Rep J. 2015 Sep 11;8:189-92. doi: 10.2147/IMCRJ.S86716. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID: 26392790; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4573205.

Persson G. Lithium side effects in relation to dose and to levels and gradients of lithium in plasma. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1977 Mar;55(3):208-13. PubMed PMID: 848339.

Poetter CE, Stewart JT. Treatment of clozapine-induced constipation with bethanechol. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Oct;33(5):713-4. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182a1160d. PubMed PMID: 23963061.

Rege S, Lafferty T. Life-threatening constipation associated with clozapine. Australas Psychiatry. 2008 Jun;16(3):216-9. doi: 10.1080/10398560701882203. PubMed PMID: 18568631.

Sagy R, Weizman A, Katz N. Pharmacological and behavioral management of some often-overlooked clozapine-induced side effects. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014 Nov;29(6):313-7. doi: 10.1097/YIC.0000000000000044. Review. PubMed PMID: 24932886.

Shirazi A, Stubbs B, Gomez L, Moore S, Gaughran F, Flanagan RJ, MacCabe JH, Lally J. Prevalence and Predictors of Clozapine-Associated Constipation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Jun 2;17(6). pii: E863. doi: 10.3390/ijms17060863. Review. PubMed PMID: 27271593; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4926397.

Tchoukhine E, Takala P, Hakko H, Raidma M, Putkonen H, Räsänen P, Terevnikov V, Stenberg JH, Eronen M, Joffe G. Orlistat in clozapine- or olanzapine-treated patients with overweight or obesity: a 16-week open-label extension phase and both phases of a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Mar;72(3):326-30. doi: 10.4088/JCP.09m05283yel. Epub 2010 Aug 24. PubMed PMID: 20816037.

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Vestergaard P, Poulstrup I, Schou M. Prospective studies on a lithium cohort. 3. Tremor, weight gain, diarrhea, psychological complaints. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1988 Oct;78(4):434-41. PubMed PMID: 3227963.

Whitmyer et al. A comparison of initial duloxetine dosing strategies in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(12):1921-30. PubMed PMID: 18162024.

Yazdani K, Lippmann M, Gala I. Fatal pancreatitis associated with valproic acid: review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2002 Jul;81(4):305-10. Review. PubMed PMID: 12169885.

Chapter 10. Genitals/Sexuality

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Aldemir M, Keles I, Karalar M, Tecer E, Adalı F, Pektas MB, Parlar AI, Darçın OT. Nebivolol compared with metoprolol for erectile function in males undergoing coronary artery bypass graft. Anatol J Cardiol. 2016 Feb;16(2):131-6. PubMed PMID: 26467373; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5336728.

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Arnott S, Nutt D. Successful treatment of fluvoxamine-induced anorgasmia by cyproheptadine. Br J Psychiatry. 1994 Jun;164(6):838-9. PubMed PMID: 7952994.

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Bacon CG, Mittleman MA, Kawachi I, Giovannucci E, Glasser DB, Rimm EB. Sexual function in men older than 50 years of age: results from the health professionals follow-up study. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Aug 5;139(3):161-8. PubMed PMID: 12899583.

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Bonierbale M, Lançon C, Tignol J. The ELIXIR study: evaluation of sexual dysfunction in 4557 depressed patients in France. Curr Med Res Opin. 2003;19(2):114-24. PubMed PMID: 12740155.

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Buvat J, Lemaire A. Endocrine screening in 1,022 men with erectile dysfunction: clinical significance and cost-effective strategy. J Urol. 1997 Nov;158(5):1764-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 9334596.

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Clayton AH, Warnock JK, Kornstein SG, Pinkerton R, Sheldon-Keller A, McGarvey EL. A placebo-controlled trial of bupropion SR as an antidote for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Jan;65(1):62-7. PubMed PMID: 14744170.

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Cheng JW. Nebivolol: a third-generation beta-blocker for hypertension. Clin Ther. 2009 Mar;31(3):447-62. Review. PubMed PMID: 19393838.

Clayton AH, McGarvey EL, Clavet GJ. The Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ): development, reliability, and validity. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1997;33(4):731-45. PubMed PMID: 9493486.

Cocco G. Erectile dysfunction after therapy with metoprolol: the Hawthorne effect. Cardiology. 2009;112(3):174-7. PubMed PMID: 18654082.

Cohen AJ. Fluoxetine-induced yawning and anorgasmia reversed by cyproheptadine treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992 May;53(5):174. PubMed PMID: 1592848.

Cordero A, Bertomeu-Martínez V, Mazón P, Fácila L, Bertomeu-González V, Conthe P, González-Juanatey JR. Erectile dysfunction in high-risk hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockade agents. Cardiovasc Ther. 2010 Spring;28(1):15-22. PubMed PMID: 20074255.

Cordero A, Bertomeu-Martínez V, Mazón P, Fácila L, González-Juanatey JR. Erectile dysfunction may improve by blood pressure control in patients with high-risk hypertension. Postgrad Med. 2010 Nov;122(6):51-6. PubMed PMID: 21084782.

Cruickshank JM. Beta-blockers and heart failure. Indian Heart J. 2010 Mar-Apr;62(2):101-10. Review. PubMed PMID: 21180298.

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Decastro RM. Reversal of MAOI-induced anorgasmia with cyproheptadine. Am J Psychiatry. 1985 Jun;142(6):783. PubMed PMID: 4039897.

Derby CA, Mohr BA, Goldstein I, Feldman HA, Johannes CB, McKinlay JB. Modifiable risk factors and erectile dysfunction: can lifestyle changes modify risk? Urology. 2000 Aug 1;56(2):302-6. PubMed PMID: 10925098.

Dording CM, Mischoulon D, Petersen TJ, Kornbluh R, Gordon J, Nierenberg AA, Rosenbaum JE, Fava M. The pharmacologic management of SSRI-induced side effects: a survey of psychiatrists. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Sep;14(3):143-7. PubMed PMID: 12585563.

Doumas M, Douma S. The effect of antihypertensive drugs on erectile function: a proposed management algorithm. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2006 May;8(5):359-64. Review. PubMed PMID: 16687945.

Doumas M, Tsakiris A, Douma S, Grigorakis A, Papadopoulos A, Hounta A, Tsiodras S, Dimitriou D, Giamarellou H. Beneficial effects of switching from beta-blockers to nebivolol on the erectile function of hypertensive patients. Asian J Androl. 2006 Mar;8(2):177-82. PubMed PMID: 16491268.

Erdmann E. Safety and tolerability of beta-blockers: prejudices & reality. Indian Heart J. 2010 Mar-Apr;62(2):132-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 21180303.

Feder R. Reversal of antidepressant activity of fluoxetine by cyproheptadine in three patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Apr;52(4):163-4. PubMed PMID: 2016249.

Franzen D, Metha A, Seifert N, Braun M, Höpp HW. Effects of beta-blockers on sexual performance in men with coronary heart disease. A prospective, randomized and double blinded study. Int J Impot Res. 2001 Dec;13(6):348-51. PubMed PMID: 11918251.

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Glina S, Sharlip ID, Hellstrom WJ. Modifying risk factors to prevent and treat erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2013 Jan;10(1):115-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 22971247.

Goldbloom DS, Kennedy SH. Adverse interaction of fluoxetine and cyproheptadine in two patients with bulimia nervosa. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Jun;52(6):261-2. PubMed PMID: 2055898.

Goldstein I. Medical and surgical management of clitoral priapism. J Sex Med. 2014 Dec;11(12):2838-41. doi: 10.1111/jsm.12772. Review. PubMed PMID: 25471141.

Gong B, Ma M, Xie W, Yang X, Huang Y, Sun T, Luo Y, Huang J. Direct comparison of tadalafil with sildenafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2017 Oct;49(10):1731-1740. PubMed PMID: 28741090; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5603624.

Gupta S, Wright HM. Nebivolol: a highly selective beta1-adrenergic receptor blocker that causes vasodilation by increasing nitric oxide. Cardiovasc Ther. 2008 Fall;26(3):189-202. Review. PubMed PMID: 18786089.

Gür Ö, Gurkan S, Yumun G, Turker P. The Comparison of the Effects of Nebivolol and Metoprolol on Erectile Dysfunction in the Cases with Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017 Apr 20;23(2):91-95. PubMed PMID: 28302931; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5422634.

Hackett G. Hypertensive medication and erectile dysfunction. Cardiovasc Ther. 2010 Spring;28(1):5-7. PubMed PMID: 20074253.

Hannan JL, Maio MT, Komolova M, Adams MA. Beneficial impact of exercise and obesity interventions on erectile function and its risk factors. J Sex Med. 2009 Mar;6 Suppl 3:254-61. Review. PubMed PMID: 19170860.

Hehemann MC, Kashanian JA. Can lifestyle modification affect men’s erectile function? Transl Androl Urol. 2016 Apr;5(2):187-94. Review. PubMed PMID: 27141445; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4837314.

Jaarsma T, Moser DK. beta-Blockers and sexual problems. Eur Heart J. 2004 Apr;25(7):617; author reply 617-8. PubMed PMID: 15120058.

Jain P, Rademaker AW, McVary KT. Testosterone supplementation for erectile dysfunction: results of a meta-analysis. J Urol. 2000 Aug;164(2):371-5. PubMed PMID: 10893588.

Javanbakht A. As-needed use of cyproheptadine for treatment of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-related female anorgasmia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015 Feb;35(1):91-3. PubMed PMID: 25502486.

Jayaram G, Rao P. Safety of trazodone as a sleep agent for inpatients. Psychosomatics. 2005 Jul-Aug;46(4):367-9. PubMed PMID: 16000681.

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Jeffries JJ, Walker C. Cyproheptadine and drug-induced anorgasmia. Can J Psychiatry. 1987 Feb;32(1):79. PubMed PMID: 2880654.

Keller A, McGarvey EL, Clayton AH. Reliability and construct validity of the Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire short-form (CSFQ-14). J Sex Marital Ther. 2006 Jan-Feb;32(1):43-52. PubMed PMID: 16234225.

Lauerma H. Successful treatment of citalopram-induced anorgasmia by cyproheptadine. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996 Jan;93(1):69-70. PubMed PMID: 8919332.

Maffei A, Lembo G. Nitric oxide mechanisms of nebivolol. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Aug;3(4):317-27. Review. PubMed PMID: 19443516.

Mago R, Mahajan R, Borra D. Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction: An updated review. Current Sexual Health Reports. 2014;6(3):177-183.

Manolis A, Doumas M. Antihypertensive treatment and sexual dysfunction. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2012 Aug;14(4):285-92. Review. PubMed PMID: 22581395.

Manolis A, Doumas M. Sexual dysfunction: the ‘prima ballerina’ of hypertension-related quality-of-life complications. J Hypertens. 2008 Nov;26(11):2074-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 18854743.

Masand PS, Ashton AK, Gupta S, Frank B. Sustained-release bupropion for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 May;158(5):805-7. PubMed PMID: 11329407.

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McGahuey CA, Gelenberg AJ, Laukes CA, Moreno FA, Delgado PL, McKnight KM, Manber R. The Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX): reliability and validity. J Sex Marital Ther. 2000 Jan-Mar;26(1):25-40. PubMed PMID: 10693114.

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Mikhail N. Management of erectile dysfunction by the primary care physician. Cleve Clin J Med. 2005 Apr;72(4):293-4, 296-7, 301-5 passim. Review. PubMed PMID: 15850242.

Miller CH, Fleischhacker WW. Managing Antipsychotic-induced acute and chronic akathisia. Drug Safety 2000; 22 (1): 73-81. PubMed PMID: 10647977.

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Chapter 11. Blood sugar

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Dibben CR, Kalavalapalli SS, Linnington HE, Hynes FA, Dinneen SF, Adler AI, McKenna PJ. Diabetes associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment may be severe but reversible: case report. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2005;35(3):307-11. doi: 10.2190/B9RD-VMC4-CU8C-KFDD. PMID: 16480245.

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Strassnig M, Awerbuck J, Ganguli R. Diabetes resolution following discontinuation of a second-generation antipsychotic. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2013 Jan;6(4):202-3. doi: 10.3371/CSRP.STAW.01062013. PMID: 23302450.

Chapter 12. Liver

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Ammonia, Plasma. LabCorp. Available at: https://www.labcorp.com/test-menu/19791/ammonia-plasma.

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Lheureux PE, Penaloza A, Zahir S, Gris M. Science review: carnitine in the treatment of valproic acid-induced toxicity – what is the evidence? Crit Care. 2005 Oct 5;9(5):431-40. Epub 2005 Jun 10. Review. PubMed PMID: 16277730; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1297603.

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Tseng YL, Huang CR, Lin CH, Lu YT, Lu CH, Chen NC, Chang CC, Chang WN, Chuang YC. Risk factors of hyperammonemia in patients with epilepsy under valproic acid therapy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014 Sep;93(11):e66. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000066. PubMed PMID: 25192484; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4616274.

Urea Cycle Disorders Conference group. Consensus statement from a conference for the management of patients with urea cycle disorders. J Pediatr. 2001 Jan;138(1 Suppl):S1-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 11148543.

Verrotti A, Trotta D, Morgese G, Chiarelli F. Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis. 2002 Dec;17(4):367-73. Review. PubMed PMID: 12602513.

Wadzinski J, Franks R, Roane D, Bayard M. Valproate-associated hyperammonemic encephalopathy. J Am Board Fam Med. 2007 Sep-Oct;20(5):499-502. Review. PubMed PMID: 17823470.

Chapter 13. Mouth

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Alonso-Navarro H, Martín-Prieto M, Ruiz-Ezquerro JJ, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ. Bruxism possibly induced by venlafaxine. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2009 Mar-Apr;32(2):111-2. PubMed PMID: 19512964.

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Babaee N, Gholizadehpasha A, Zahedpasha S, Moghadamnia Y, Zamaninejad S, Moghadamnia AA. Effects of milk curd on saliva secretion in healthy volunteer compared to baseline, 2% pilocarpine and equivalent pH adjusted acetic acid solutions. Indian J Dent Res. 2011 Jul-Aug;22(4):547-51. doi: 10.4103/0970-9290.90294. PubMed PMID: 22124050. Study from Iran.

Bernardi R, Perin C, Becker FL, Ramos GZ, Gheno GZ, Lopes LR, Pires M, Barros HM. Effect of pilocarpine mouthwash on salivary flow. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2002 Jan;35(1):105-10. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879×2002000100015. PMID: 11743622.

Bird AM, Smith TL, Walton AE. Current treatment strategies for clozapine-induced sialorrhea. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 May;45(5):667-75. PubMed PMID: 21540404.

Bostwick JM, Jaffee MS. Buspirone as an antidote to SSRI-induced bruxism in 4 cases. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;60(12):857-60. PubMed PMID: 10665633.

Brown ES, Hong SC. Antidepressant-induced bruxism successfully treated with gabapentin. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999 Oct;130(10):1467-9. PubMed PMID: 10570590.

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Chatterjee SS, Maji A, Mallik N. Paroxetine induced bruxism, treated with Buspirone : An unexplored entity. Bengal Journal of Psychiatry. 2013 Jan-June;19 (1): 29-31.

Cifuentes M, Del Barrio-Díaz P, Vera-Kellet C. Pilocarpine and artificial saliva for the treatment of xerostomia and xerophthalmia in Sjögren syndrome: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2018 Nov;179(5):1056-1061. doi: 10.1111/bjd.16442. Epub 2018 May 29. PMID: 29432648.

Çolak Sivri R, Akça ÖF. Buspirone in the Treatment of Fluoxetine-Induced Sleep Bruxism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016 Oct;26(8):762-763. PubMed PMID: 27315110.

Davies AN, Singer J. A comparison of artificial saliva and pilocarpine in radiation-induced xerostomia. J Laryngol Otol. 1994 Aug;108(8):663-5. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100127768. PMID: 7930915.

Ellison JM, Stanziani P. SSRI-associated nocturnal bruxism in four patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993 Nov;54(11):432-4. PubMed PMID: 8270587.

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Freudenreich O, Beebe M, Goff DC. Clozapine-induced sialorrhea treated with sublingual ipratropium spray: a case series. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 Feb;24(1):98-100. PubMed PMID: 14709958.

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Man WH, Colen-de Koning JC, Schulte PF, Cahn W, van Haelst IM, Doodeman HJ, Egberts TC, Heerdink ER, Wilting I. The Effect of Glycopyrrolate on Nocturnal Sialorrhea in Patients Using Clozapine: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Apr;37(2):155-161. PubMed PMID: 28129312.

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Chapter 14. Nervous system

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Chapter 15. Pregnancy and lactation

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Belzeaux R, Sanguinetti C, Murru A, Verdolini N, Pacchiarotti I, Hidalgo-Mazzei D, Cohen L, Anmella G, Barbuti M, Vieta E, Llorca PM, Samalin L. Pharmacotherapy for the peripartum management of bipolar disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019 Oct;20(14):1731-1741. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1626826. Epub 2019 Jun 10. PMID: 31159601.

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Clark CT, Wisner KL. Treatment of Peripartum Bipolar Disorder. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018 Sep;45(3):403-417. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2018.05.002. PMID: 30092918; PMCID: PMC6548543.

Cuomo A, Maina G, Neal SM, De Montis G, Rosso G, Scheggi S, Beccarini Crescenzi B, Bolognesi S, Goracci A, Coluccia A, Ferretti F, Fagiolini A. Using sertraline in postpartum and breastfeeding: balancing risks and benefits. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2018 Jul;17(7):719-725. doi: 10.1080/14740338.2018.1491546. Epub 2018 Jul 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 29927667.

Datta P, Baker T, Hale TW. Balancing the Use of Medications While Maintaining Breastfeeding. Clin Perinatol. 2019 Jun;46(2):367-382. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2019.02.007. Epub 2019 Apr 1. Review. PubMed PMID: 31010565.

Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Zvi N, Finkel-Pekarsky V, Ornoy A. Is it safe to use lamotrigine during pregnancy? A prospective comparative observational study. Birth Defects Res. 2017 Jun 28. PubMed PMID: 28657171.

Dolk H, Wang H, Loane M, Morris J, Garne E, Addor MC, Arriola L, Bakker M, Barisic I, Doray B, Gatt M, Kallen K, Khoshnood B, Klungsoyr K, Lahesmaa-Korpinen AM, Latos-Bielenska A, Mejnartowicz JP, Nelen V, Neville A, O’Mahony M, Pierini A, Rißmann A, Tucker D, Wellesley D, Wiesel A, de Jong-van den Berg LT. Lamotrigine use in pregnancy and risk of orofacial cleft and other congenital anomalies. Neurology. 2016 May 3;86(18):1716-25. PubMed PMID: 27053714; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4854591.

Food and Drug Administration. Use of Donor Human Milk. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/science-research/pediatrics/use-donor-human-milk. Accessed October 13, 2019.

Graham RK, Tavella G, Parker GB. Is there consensus across international evidence-based guidelines for the psychotropic drug management of bipolar disorder during the perinatal period? J Affect Disord. 2018 Mar 1;228:216-221. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.022. Epub 2017 Dec 12. PMID: 29274567.

Hogan CS, Freeman MP. Adverse Effects in the Pharmacologic Management of Bipolar Disorder During Pregnancy. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016 Sep;39(3):465-75. Review. PubMed PMID: 27514299.

Kellogg M, Meador KJ. Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs. Neurochem Res. 2017 Jul;42(7):2065-2070. PubMed PMID: 28424947.

Kong L, Zhou T, Wang B, Gao Z, Wang C. The risks associated with the use of lamotrigine during pregnancy. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2017 Jun 28:1-4. PubMed PMID: 28657488.

Kronenfeld N, Berlin M, Shaniv D, Berkovitch M. Use of Psychotropic Medications in Breastfeeding Women. Birth Defects Res. 2017 Jul 17;109(12):957-997. doi: 10.1002/bdr2.1077. Review. PubMed PMID: 28714610.

Kronenfeld N, Ziv Baran T, Berlin M, Karra N, Dinavitser N, Cohen R, Wiener Y, Schwartzberg E, Berkovitch M. Chronic use of psychotropic medications in breastfeeding women: Is it safe? PLoS One. 2018 May 21;13(5):e0197196. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197196. eCollection 2018. Erratum in: PLoS One. 2018 Jun 25;13(6):e0199906. PubMed PMID: 29782546; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5962050.

McAllister-Williams RH, Baldwin DS, Cantwell R, Easter A, Gilvarry E, Glover V, Green L, Gregoire A, Howard LM, Jones I, Khalifeh H, Lingford-Hughes A, McDonald E, Micali N, Pariante CM, Peters L, Roberts A, Smith NC, Taylor D, Wieck A, Yates LM, Young AH; endorsed by the British Association for Psychopharmacology. British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum 2017. J Psychopharmacol. 2017 May;31(5):519-552. doi: 10.1177/0269881117699361. Epub 2017 Apr 25. PMID: 28440103.

Meador KJ, Baker GA, Browning N, Cohen MJ, Bromley RL, Clayton-Smith J, Kalayjian LA, Kanner A, Liporace JD, Pennell PB, Privitera M, Loring DW; NEAD Study Group. Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol. 2013 Mar;12(3):244-52. PubMed PMID: 23352199; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3684942.

National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). Antenatal and Postnatal Mental Health: Clinical Management and Service Guidance: Updated edition. Leicester (UK): British Psychological Society; 2014 Dec. PMID: 26180865. NICE Guidelines CG192. Last updated 2020. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG192

Newton ER, Hale TW. Drugs in Breast Milk. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Dec;58(4):868-84. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000142. Review. PubMed PMID: 26457856.

Pariente G, Leibson T, Shulman T, Adams-Webber T, Barzilay E, Nulman I. Pregnancy Outcomes Following In Utero Exposure to Lamotrigine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CNS Drugs. 2017 Jun;31(6):439-450. Review. PubMed PMID: 28434134.

Payne JL. Psychopharmacology in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2017 Jun;40(2):217-238. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2017.01.001. Epub 2017 Mar 6. PMID: 28477649.

Payne JL. Psychopharmacology in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Med Clin North Am. 2019 Jul;103(4):629-650. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2019.02.009. PMID: 31078197.

Petersen I, Collings SL, McCrea RL, Nazareth I, Osborn DP, Cowen PJ, Sammon CJ. Antiepileptic drugs prescribed in pregnancy and prevalence of major congenital malformations: comparative prevalence studies. Clin Epidemiol. 2017 Feb 16;9:95-103. PubMed PMID: 28243149; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5317245.

Poels EMP, Schrijver L, Kamperman AM, Hillegers MHJ, Hoogendijk WJG, Kushner SA, Roza SJ. Long-term neurodevelopmental consequences of intrauterine exposure to lithium and antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018 Sep;27(9):1209-1230. doi: 10.1007/s00787-018-1177-1. Epub 2018 Jun 11. PMID: 29948232; PMCID: PMC6133089.

Raffi ER, Nonacs R, Cohen LS. Safety of Psychotropic Medications During Pregnancy. Clin Perinatol. 2019 Jun;46(2):215-234. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2019.02.004. Epub 2019 Mar 28. PMID: 31010557.

Romaine E, McAllister-Williams RH. Guidelines on prescribing psychotropic medication during the perinatal period. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2019 Jan 2;80(1):27-32. doi: 10.12968/hmed.2019.80.1.27. PMID: 30592677.

Thomson M, Sharma V. Weighing the Risks: the Management of Bipolar Disorder During Pregnancy. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018 Mar 17;20(3):20. doi: 10.1007/s11920-018-0882-2. PMID: 29549608.

Veroniki AA, Cogo E, Rios P, Straus SE, Finkelstein Y, Kealey R, Reynen E, Soobiah C, Thavorn K, Hutton B, Hemmelgarn BR, Yazdi F, D’Souza J, MacDonald H, Tricco AC. Comparative safety of anti-epileptic drugs during pregnancy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of congenital malformations and prenatal outcomes. BMC Med. 2017 May 5;15(1):95. PubMed PMID: 28472982; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5418725.

Weston J, Bromley R, Jackson CF, Adab N, Clayton-Smith J, Greenhalgh J, Hounsome J, McKay AJ, Tudur Smith C, Marson AG. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Nov 7;11:CD010224. Review. PubMed PMID: 27819746.

Wisner KL. The last therapeutic orphan: the pregnant woman. Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;169(6):554-6. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12030367. PMID: 22684589; PMCID: PMC7143267.

Wisner KL, Stika CS, Watson K. Pregnant women are still therapeutic orphans. World Psychiatry. 2020 Oct;19(3):329-330. doi: 10.1002/wps.20776. PMID: 32931103; PMCID: PMC7491609.

Chapter 16. Psychiatric side effects

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Amey C. Suspected antidepressant-induced switch to mania in unipolar depression: a first-person narrative. J Affect Disord. 2010 Sep;125(1-3):111-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.05.004. Epub 2010 Jun 8. PMID: 20570368.

Baldessarini RJ, Faedda GL, Offidani E, Vázquez GH, Marangoni C, Serra G, Tondo L. Antidepressant-associated mood-switching and transition from unipolar major depression to bipolar disorder: a review. J Affect Disord. 2013 May 15;148(1):129-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.033. Epub 2012 Dec 6. PMID: 23219059.

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Barbuti M, Pacchiarotti I, Vieta E, Azorin JM, Angst J, Bowden CL, Mosolov S, Young AH, Perugi G; BRIDGE-II-Mix Study Group. Antidepressant-induced hypomania/mania in patients with major depression: Evidence from the BRIDGE-II-MIX study. J Affect Disord. 2017 Sep;219:187-192. PubMed PMID: 28558366.

Berk M, Koopowitz LF, Szabo CP. Antidepressant induced mania in obsessive compulsive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1996 Mar;6(1):9-11. doi: 10.1016/0924-977x(95)00046-r. PMID: 8866932.

Bhagyalakshmi Subodh N, Jayarajan D, Chand PK, Benegal V, Murthy P. Lamotrigine-induced manic switch: a report of 2 cases. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2011;13(1):PCC.10l01034. doi: 10.4088/PCC.10l01034. PMID: 21731838; PMCID: PMC3121206. Not convincing, in my opinion.

Brandt C, Fueratsch N, Boehme V, Kramme C, Pieridou M, Villagran A, Woermann F, Pohlmann-Eden B. Development of psychosis in patients with epilepsy treated with lamotrigine: report of six cases and review of the literature. Epilepsy Behav. 2007 Aug;11(1):133-9. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.03.015. Epub 2007 May 7. PMID: 17485241.

Chen B, Choi H, Hirsch LJ, Katz A, Legge A, Buchsbaum R, Detyniecki K. Psychiatric and behavioral side effects of antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Nov;76:24-31. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.08.039. Epub 2017 Sep 18. PMID: 28931473.

Chun BJ, Dunner DL. A review of antidepressant-induced hypomania in major depression: suggestions for DSM-V. Bipolar Disord. 2004 Feb;6(1):32-42. doi: 10.1046/j.1399-5618.2003.00084.x. PMID: 14996139.

Coskun M, Bozkurt H, Zoroglu S. Possible lamotrigine-induced mania in a child with autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Oct;29(5):508-9. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181b6017f. PMID: 19745659.

Desarkar P, Sinha VK. Lamotrigine-induced severe manic switch. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006 Aug;40(8):718. doi: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01874.x. PMID: 16866770.

Eddy CM, Rickards HE, Cavanna AE. Behavioral adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs in epilepsy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jun;32(3):362-75. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e318253a186. PMID: 22544012.

Ettinger AB. Psychotropic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Neurology. 2006 Dec 12;67(11):1916-25. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000247045.85646.c0. PMID: 17159095.

Gerstman BB, Jolson HM, Bauer M, Cho P, Livingston JM, Platt R. The incidence of depression in new users of beta-blockers and selected antihypertensives. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996 Jul;49(7):809-15. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(96)00017-0. PMID: 8691233.

Gill N, Bayes A, Parker G. A Review of Antidepressant-Associated Hypomania in Those Diagnosed with Unipolar Depression-Risk Factors, Conceptual Models, and Management. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2020 Mar 26;22(4):20. doi: 10.1007/s11920-020-01143-6. PMID: 32215771.

Goldberg JF, Truman CJ. Antidepressant-induced mania: an overview of current controversies. Bipolar Disord. 2003 Dec;5(6):407-20. doi: 10.1046/j.1399-5618.2003.00067.x. PMID: 14636364.

Grabowska-Grzyb A, Nagańska E, Wolańczyk T. Hypersexuality in two patients with epilepsy treated with lamotrigine. Epilepsy Behav. 2006 May;8(3):663-5. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.01.005. Epub 2006 Feb 13. PMID: 16473556.

Jagadheesan K, Sandil R, Ram D. Venlafaxine-induced mania. Indian J Psychiatry. 2001 Oct;43(4):357-9. PMID: 21407889; PMCID: PMC2956250.

Kemp DE, Gilmer WS, Fleck J, Dago PL. An association of intrusive, repetitive phrases with lamotrigine treatment in bipolar II disorder. CNS Spectr. 2007 Feb;12(2):106-11. doi: 10.1017/s1092852900020617. PMID: 17277710.

Kimmel RJ, Seibert J. Is antidepressant-associated mania always an evidence of a bipolar spectrum disorder? A case report and review of the literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013 Sep-Oct;35(5):577.e1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.12.012. Epub 2013 Jan 28. PMID: 23363702.

Ko DT, Hebert PR, Coffey CS, Sedrakyan A, Curtis JP, Krumholz HM. Beta-blocker therapy and symptoms of depression, fatigue, and sexual dysfunction. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17;288(3):351-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.3.351. PMID: 12117400.

Ko DT, Hebert PR, Krumholz HM. Review: Beta-blockers increase fatigue and sexual dysfunction but not depression after myocardial infarction. ACP J Club. 2003 Jan-Feb;138(1):30; author reply 30. PMID: 12511138. Commentary on another article.

Kohn R. Beta-blockers an important cause of depression: a medical myth without evidence. Med Health R I. 2001 Mar;84(3):92-5. PMID: 11280138.

Kuloglu M, Caykoylu A, Ekinci O, Yilmaz E. Lamotrigine-induced obsessional symptoms in a patient with bipolar II disorder: a case report. J Psychopharmacol. 2009 Nov;23(8):1001-3. doi: 10.1177/0269881108095082. Epub 2008 Aug 21. PMID: 18719043.

Kwok CSN, Lim LEC. Mania following antidepressant discontinuation in depression: two case reports. Australas Psychiatry. 2017 Dec;25(6):617-621. doi: 10.1177/1039856217732470. Epub 2017 Oct 4. PMID: 28976215.

Luijendijk HJ, Koolman X. The incentive to publish negative studies: how beta-blockers and depression got stuck in the publication cycle. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012 May;65(5):488-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.06.022. Epub 2012 Feb 18. PMID: 22342262.

Luijendijk HJ, van den Berg JF, Hofman A, Tiemeier H, Stricker BH. β-blockers and the risk of incident depression in the elderly. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Feb;31(1):45-50. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31820482c4. PMID: 21192142.

Mago R. Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Medications: A Call to Action. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016 Sep;39(3):361-73. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2016.04.005. PMID: 27514294.

Margolese HC, Beauclair L, Szkrumelak N, Chouinard G. Hypomania induced by adjunctive lamotrigine. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jan;160(1):183-4. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.183-a. PMID: 12505823.

Martin A, Young C, Leckman JF, Mukonoweshuro C, Rosenheck R, Leslie D. Age effects on antidepressant-induced manic conversion. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004 Aug;158(8):773-80. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.158.8.773. PMID: 15289250.

Mattson RH. Cognitive, affective, and behavioral side events in adults secondary to antiepileptic drug use. Rev Neurol Dis. 2004;1 Suppl 1:S10-7. PMID: 16400290.

Meador KJ, Baker GA. Behavioral and cognitive effects of lamotrigine. J Child Neurol. 1997 Nov;12 Suppl 1:S44-7. doi: 10.1177/0883073897012001101. PMID: 9429130.

Meador KJ, Loring DW, Vahle VJ, Ray PG, Werz MA, Fessler AJ, Ogrocki P, Schoenberg MR, Miller JM, Kustra RP. Cognitive and behavioral effects of lamotrigine and topiramate in healthy volunteers. Neurology. 2005 Jun 28;64(12):2108-14. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000165994.46777.BE. PMID: 15985582.

Mendhekar DN, Gupta D, Girotra V. Sertraline-induced hypomania: a genuine side-effect. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003 Jul;108(1):70-4. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00080.x. Erratum in: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003 Dec;108(6):466. PMID: 12807380.

Moor S, Luty S, Joyce P. Lamotrigine-induced mania in adolescents. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007 Dec;41(12):1013. doi: 10.1080/00048670701689469. PMID: 17999274.

Navarro V, Gastó C, Guarch J, Penadés R, Pintor L. Treatment and outcome of antidepressant treatment-associated hypomania in unipolar major depression: a 3-year follow-up study. J Affect Disord. 2014 Feb;155:59-64. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.024. Epub 2013 Oct 26. PMID: 24252168.

Nierenberg AA, Montana R, Kinrys G, Deckersbach T, Dufour S, Baek JH. L-Methylfolate For Bipolar I depressive episodes: An open trial proof-of-concept registry. J Affect Disord. 2017 Jan 1;207:429-433. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.053. Epub 2016 Oct 1. PMID: 27794238.

Oflaz S, Yıldızhan E, Tatar ZB, Akyuz F. A case of hypomania with low-dose lamotrigine. Indian J Psychiatry. 2015 Apr-Jun;57(2):217. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.158207. PMID: 26124534; PMCID: PMC4462797. Involved rechallenge.

Papakostas GI, Shelton RC, Zajecka JM, Etemad B, Rickels K, Clain A, Baer L, Dalton ED, Sacco GR, Schoenfeld D, Pencina M, Meisner A, Bottiglieri T, Nelson E, Mischoulon D, Alpert JE, Barbee JG, Zisook S, Fava M. L-methylfolate as adjunctive therapy for SSRI-resistant major depression: results of two randomized, double-blind, parallel-sequential trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;169(12):1267-74. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11071114. PMID: 23212058.

Philip J, Janaki R. Antidepressant-induced mania in obsessive compulsive disorder. Indian J Psychiatry. 2012 Apr;54(2):194-5. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.99543. PMID: 22988331; PMCID: PMC3440918. Case report; OCD and depression; switched to mania after 20 years of treatment.

Ramasubbu R. Dose-response relationship of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors treatment-emergent hypomania in depressive disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001 Sep;104(3):236-8; discusiion 238-9. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00383.x. PMID: 11531662.

Raskin S, Teitelbaum A, Zislin J, Durst R. Adjunctive lamotrigine as a possible mania inducer in bipolar patients. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;163(1):159-60. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.159-a. PMID: 16390907.

Riemer TG, Villagomez Fuentes LE, Algharably EAE, Schäfer MS, Mangelsen E, Fürtig MA, Bittner N, Bär A, Zaidi Touis L, Wachtell K, Majic T, Dinges MJ, Kreutz R. Do β-Blockers Cause Depression?: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Psychiatric Adverse Events During β-Blocker Therapy. Hypertension. 2021 Mar 15:HYPERTENSIONAHA12016590. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16590. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33719510.

Robinson S, Miller JJ. L-Methylfolate: Augmenting Agent May Contribute to Agitation and Mania. Psychiatric Times. March 17, 2020. Last accessed March 10, 2021.

Saito S, Shioda K, Nisijima K. Anger with murderous impulse induced by lamotrigine. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014 Jul-Aug;36(4):451.e1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.03.008. Epub 2014 Mar 18. PMID: 24736088.

Schmitz B. Effects of antiepileptic drugs on mood and behavior. Epilepsia. 2006;47 Suppl 2:28-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00684.x. PMID: 17105456.

Scott J, Brichant-Petitjean C, Etain B, Henry C, Kahn JP, Azorin JM, Leboyer M, Bellivier F. A re-examination of antidepressant treatment-emergent mania in bipolar disorders: evidence of gender differences. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017 May;135(5):479-488. doi: 10.1111/acps.12728. Epub 2017 Apr 1. PMID: 28369709.

Seemüller F, Dehning S, Grunze H, Müller N. Tourette’s symptoms provoked by lamotrigine in a bipolar patient. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;163(1):159. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.159. PMID: 16390908.

Selek S, Savas HA. Lamotrigine-induced manic switches have already been reported. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007 Feb;41(2):195. PMID: 17479512.

Selek S, Savas HA. Psychosis, delirium, or manic switch due to lamotrigine? Epilepsy Behav. 2007 Nov;11(3):476; author reply 477. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.07.003. Epub 2007 Sep 29. PMID: 17904908.

Shiotsuki I, Terao T. Lithium tremor, β-blockers, and depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014 Jul;130(1):72-3. doi: 10.1111/acps.12264. Epub 2014 Mar 15. PMID: 24628531.

Sorgi P, Ratey J, Knoedler D, Arnold W, Cole L. Depression during treatment with beta-blockers: results from a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1992 Spring;4(2):187-9. doi: 10.1176/jnp.4.2.187. PMID: 1627981.

Steiner W. Fluoxetine-induced mania in a patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Oct;148(10):1403-4. doi: 10.1176/ajp.148.10.1403b. PMID: 1897626.

Storrier S, Beran RG. Compulsive gambling possibly associated with antiepileptic medication. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2014 Jan 8;2:15-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ebcr.2013.11.002. PMID: 25667858; PMCID: PMC4307955.

Swann AC. Review: beta-blockers increase fatigue and sexual dysfunction but not depression after myocardial infarction. ACP J Club. 2003 Jan-Feb;138(1):4. PMID: 12511116. Comment on another article.

Szmulewicz A, Samamé C, Caravotta P, Martino DJ, Igoa A, Hidalgo-Mazzei D, Colom F, Strejilevich SA. Behavioral and emotional adverse events of drugs frequently used in the treatment of bipolar disorders: clinical and theoretical implications. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2016 Dec;4(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s40345-016-0047-3. Epub 2016 Feb 16. PMID: 26879750; PMCID: PMC4754238.

Terao T, Tanaka T. Antidepressant-induced mania or hypomania in DSM-5. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014 Jan;231(1):315. doi: 10.1007/s00213-013-3358-4. Epub 2013 Nov 19. PMID: 24247478.

Uher R, Jones HM. Hallucinations during lamotrigine treatment of bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;163(4):749-50. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.749-a. PMID: 16585461.

Verbeek DE, van Riezen J, de Boer RA, van Melle JP, de Jonge P. A review on the putative association between beta-blockers and depression. Heart Fail Clin. 2011 Jan;7(1):89-99. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2010.08.006. PMID: 21109212.

Vieta E, Bernardo M. Antidepressant-induced mania in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1992 Sep;149(9):1282-3. doi: 10.1176/ajp.149.9.aj14991282. PMID: 1503154.

Xiong GL, Gagliardi JP, Jiang W. Beta-blockers and depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Feb;167(2):219; author reply 219-20. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081208. PMID: 20123927. Comment on another article.

Yamaguchi Y, Kimoto S, Nagahama T, Kishimoto T. Dosage-related nature of escitalopram treatment-emergent mania/hypomania: a case series. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018 Aug 17;14:2099-2104. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S168078. PMID: 30147322; PMCID: PMC6103304.

Zipursky JS, Macdonald EM, Luo J, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Paterson JM, Juurlink DN; Canadian Drug Safety and Effectiveness Research Network. Lipophilic β-Blockers and Suicide in the Elderly. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Jun;37(3):381-384. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000695. PMID: 28338548.

Chapter 17. Skin

Ahmed A. Sertraline-related night sweats. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002 Jul-Aug;10(4):484. PMID: 12095910.

Aihara Y, Ito S, Kobayashi Y, Aihara M. Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with azithromycin followed by transient reactivation of herpes simplex virus infection. Allergy. 2004 Jan;59(1):118. PubMed PMID: 14674950.

Aithal V, Appaih P. Lithium induced hidradenitis suppurativa and acne conglobata. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2004 Sep-Oct;70(5):307-9. PubMed PMID: 17642646.

Arslan M, Vurucu S, Balamtekin N, Unay B, Akin R, Kurt I, Ozcan O. The effects of biotin supplementation on serum and liver tissue biotinidase enzyme activity and alopecia in rats which were administrated to valproic acid. Brain Dev. 2009 Jun;31(6):405-10. PubMed PMID: 18814980.

Ashton AK, Weinstein WL. Cyproheptadine for drug-induced sweating. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 May;159(5):874-5. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.874-a. PMID: 11986151.

Babbott SF, Pearson VE. Sertraline-related night sweats. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Feb 2;130(3):242-3. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-130-3-199902020-00035. PMID: 10049212.

Bachot N, Roujeau JC. Differential diagnosis of severe cutaneous drug eruptions. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(8):561-72. Review. PubMed PMID: 12862499.

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Yassa R. Hair loss during lithium therapy. Am J Psychiatry. 1986 Jul;143(7):943. doi: 10.1176/ajp.143.7.943a. PMID: 2872827.

Yassa R, Ananth J. Hair loss in the course of lithium treatment: a report of two cases. Can J Psychiatry. 1983 Mar;28(2):132-3. doi: 10.1177/070674378302800211. PMID: 6404546.

Yeung CK, Chan HH. Cutaneous adverse effects of lithium: epidemiology and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5(1):3-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 14979738.

Yilmaz Y, Tasdemir HA, Paksu MS. The influence of valproic acid treatment on hair and serum zinc levels and serum biotinidase activity. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2009 Sep;13(5):439-43. PubMed PMID: 18922714.

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Chapter 18. Sleep

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Chapter 19. Toxicity

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Chapter 20. Urinary System

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Batlle DC, von Riotte AB, Gaviria M, Grupp M. Amelioration of polyuria by amiloride in patients receiving long-term lithium therapy. N Engl J Med. 1985;312(7):408-14.

Bedford JJ, Weggery S, Ellis G, McDonald FJ, Joyce PR, Leader JP, Walker RJ. Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: renal effects of amiloride. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Sep;3(5):1324-31. PubMed PMID: 18596116; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2518801.

Behl T, Kotwani A, Kaur I, Goel H. Mechanisms of prolonged lithium therapy-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015 May 15;755:27-33. PubMed PMID: 25746463.

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Camporeale A, Day KA, Ruff D, Arsenault J, Williams D, Kelsey DK. Profile of sexual and genitourinary treatment-emergent adverse events associated with atomoxetine treatment: a pooled analysis. Drug Saf. 2013 Aug;36(8):663-71. doi: 10.1007/s40264-013-0074-2. PMID: 23775507.

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de Groot T, Sinke AP, Kortenoeven ML, Alsady M, Baumgarten R, Devuyst O, Loffing J, Wetzels JF, Deen PM. Acetazolamide Attenuates Lithium-Induced Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016 Jul;27(7):2082-91. PubMed PMID: 26574046; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4926986.

Demyttenaere K, Huygens R, Van Buggenhout R. Tamsulosin as an effective treatment for reboxetine-associated urinary hesitancy. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001 Nov;16(6):353-5. doi: 10.1097/00004850-200111000-00006. PMID: 11712624.

Demyttenaere K, Huygens R. Painful ejaculation and urinary hesitancy in association with antidepressant therapy: relief with tamsulosin. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002 Aug;12(4):337-41. doi: 10.1016/s0924-977x(02)00040-8. PMID: 12126873.

Desarkar P, Sinha VK. Acute urinary retention associated with atomoxetine use. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006 Oct;40(10):936. doi: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01914.x. PMID: 16959021.

Devuyst O. Physiopathology and diagnosis of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2012 Apr;73(2):128-9. PubMed PMID: 22503803.

Fenske W, Allolio B. Clinical review: Current state and future perspectives in the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus: a clinical review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Oct;97(10):3426-37. PubMed PMID: 22855338.

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Kasper S, Wolf R. Successful treatment of reboxetine-induced urinary hesitancy with tamsulosin. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002 Apr;12(2):119-22. doi: 10.1016/s0924-977x(01)00144-4. PMID: 11872327.

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Majzoub JA, Srivatsa A. Diabetes insipidus: clinical and basic aspects. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2006 Dec;4 Suppl 1:60-5. PubMed PMID: 17261971.

Makaryus AN, McFarlane SI. Diabetes insipidus: diagnosis and treatment of a complex disease. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006 Jan;73(1):65-71. PubMed PMID: 16444918.

Marmura MJ. Safety of topiramate for treating migraines. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014 Sep;13(9):1241-7. doi: 10.1517/14740338.2014.934669. Epub 2014 Aug 6. PMID: 25096056.

Martin A. Clinical management of lithium-induced polyuria. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1993;44(5):427-8.

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Chapter 21. Weight

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Anagnostou E, Aman MG, Handen BL, Sanders KB, Shui A, Hollway JA, Brian J, Arnold LE, Capano L, Hellings JA, Butter E, Mankad D, Tumuluru R, Kettel J, Newsom CR, Hadjiyannakis S, Peleg N, Odrobina D, McAuliffe-Bellin S, Zakroysky P, Marler S, Wagner A, Wong T, Macklin EA, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. Metformin for Treatment of Overweight Induced by Atypical Antipsychotic Medication in Young People With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Sep 1;73(9):928-37. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1232. Erratum in: JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Dec 1;73(12):1295. PubMed PMID: 27556593. N=60 who received at least one dose of metformin.

Andrade C. Metformin as a Possible Intervention for Cardiometabolic Risks in Pediatric Subjects Exposed to Antipsychotic Drugs. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Oct;77(10):1362-1364. PubMed PMID: 27788311.

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Basile VS, Masellis M, McIntyre RS, Meltzer HY, Lieberman JA, Kennedy JL. Genetic dissection of atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain: novel preliminary data on the pharmacogenetic puzzle. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62 Suppl 23:45-66. Review. PubMed PMID: 11603885.

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Bushe CJ, Slooff CJ, Haddad PM, Karagianis JL. Weight change from 3-year observational data: findings from the worldwide schizophrenia outpatient health outcomes database. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;73(6):e749-55. PubMed PMID: 22795214.

Chen CH, Huang MC, Kao CF, Lin SK, Kuo PH, Chiu CC, Lu ML. Effects of adjunctive metformin on metabolic traits in nondiabetic clozapine-treated patients with schizophrenia and the effect of metformin discontinuation on body weight: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 May;74(5):e424-30. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12m08186. PubMed PMID: 23759461.

Correll CU, Malhotra AK. Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Aug;174(4):477-89. Epub 2004 Jul 8. Review. PubMed PMID: 15243737.

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Coughlin M, Goldie CL, Tranmer J, Khalid-Khan S, Tregunno D. Patient, Treatment, and Health Care Utilization Variables Associated with Adherence to Metabolic Monitoring Practices in Children and Adolescents Taking Second-Generation Antipsychotics. Can J Psychiatry. 2018 Apr;63(4):240-249. PubMed PMID: 29528720; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5894916.

de Silva VA, Suraweera C, Ratnatunga SS, Dayabandara M, Wanniarachchi N, Hanwella R. Metformin in prevention and treatment of antipsychotic induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Oct 3;16(1):341. Review. PubMed PMID: 27716110; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5048618.

Dhamane AD, Martin BC, Brixner DI, Hudson TJ, Said Q. Metabolic monitoring of patients prescribed second-generation antipsychotics. J Psychiatr Pract. 2013 Sep;19(5):360-74. PubMed PMID: 24042242. American Diabetes Association; American Psychiatric Association; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;65(2):267-72. PubMed PMID: 15003083.

Ellinger LK, Ipema HJ, Stachnik JM. Efficacy of metformin and topiramate in prevention and treatment of second-generation antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Apr;44(4):668-79. Review. PubMed PMID: 20233913.

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Gunes A, Melkersson KI, Scordo MG, Dahl ML. Association between HTR2C and HTR2A polymorphisms and metabolic abnormalities in patients treated with olanzapine or clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Feb;29(1):65-8. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31819302c3. PubMed PMID: 19142110.

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Handen BL, Anagnostou E, Aman MG, Sanders KB, Chan J, Hollway JA, Brian J, Arnold LE, Capano L, Williams C, Hellings JA, Butter E, Mankad D, Tumuluru R, Kettel J, Newsom CR, Peleg N, Odrobina D, McAuliffe-Bellin S, Marler S, Wong T, Wagner A, Hadjiyannakis S, Macklin EA, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Metformin for the Treatment of Overweight Induced by Antipsychotic Medication in Young People With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Open-Label Extension. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017 Oct;56(10):849-856.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.07.790. Epub 2017 Aug 19. PubMed PMID: 28942807.

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Kinon BJ, Basson BR, Gilmore JA, Tollefson GD. Long-term olanzapine treatment: weight change and weight-related health factors in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001 Feb;62(2):92-100. PubMed PMID: 11247108.

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Klein DJ, Cottingham EM, Sorter M, Barton BA, Morrison JA. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of metformin treatment of weight gain associated with initiation of atypical antipsychotic therapy in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Dec;163(12):2072-9. PubMed PMID: 17151157. 16 -week double-blind RCT, 39 patients, age 10 to 17 years, whose weight had increased by 10% or more during less than 1 year of treatment with olanzapine, risperidone, or quetiapine.

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Ma X, Maimaitirexiati T, Zhang R, Gui X, Zhang W, Xu G, Hu G. HTR2C polymorphisms, olanzapine-induced weight gain and antipsychotic-induced metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients: a meta-analysis. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2014 Oct;18(4):229-42. PubMed PMID: 25152019.

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Niafar M, Hai F, Porhomayon J, Nader ND. The role of metformin on vitamin B12 deficiency: a meta-analysis review. Intern Emerg Med. 2015 Feb;10(1):93-102. doi: 10.1007/s11739-014-1157-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 25502588.

Opgen-Rhein C, Brandl EJ, Müller DJ, Neuhaus AH, Tiwari AK, Sander T, Dettling M. Association of HTR2C, but not LEP or INSIG2, genes with antipsychotic-induced weight gain in a German sample. Pharmacogenomics. 2010 Jun;11(6):773-80. doi: 10.2217/pgs.10.50. PubMed PMID: 20504252.

Osborn DP, Petersen I, Beckley N, Walters K, Nazareth I, Hayes J. Weight change over two years in people prescribed olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone in UK primary care: Cohort study in THIN, a UK primary care database. J Psychopharmacol. 2018 Jun 1:269881118780011. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29938561.

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Parry-Strong A, Langdana F, Haeusler S, Weatherall M, Krebs J. Sublingual vitamin B12 compared to intramuscular injection in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin: a randomised trial. N Z Med J. 2016 Jun 10;129(1436):67-75. PubMed PMID: 27355231.

Pringsheim T, Panagiotopoulos C, Davidson J, Ho J; CAMESA guideline group. Evidence-based recommendations for monitoring safety of second generation antipsychotics in children and youth. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011Aug;20(3):218-33. Erratum in: J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 August;20(3):1–2.. PubMed PMID: 21804853; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3143700.

Reeves GM, Keeton C, Correll CU, Johnson JL, Hamer RM, Sikich L, Hazzard L, Alderman C, Scheer A, Mabe M, Kapoor S, Sheridan E, Borner I, Bussell K, Pirmohamed S, Bethea TC, Chekuri R, Gottfried R, Reinblatt SP, Santana E, Riddle MA. Improving metabolic parameters of antipsychotic child treatment (IMPACT) study: rationale, design, and methods. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2013 Aug 15;7(1):31. doi: 10.1186/1753-2000-7-31. PubMed PMID: 23947389; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3846140. Results for this study have been posted at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT00806234

Reynolds GP, Hill MJ, Kirk SL. The 5-HT2C receptor and antipsychotic induced weight gain – mechanisms and genetics. J Psychopharmacol. 2006 Jul;20(4 Suppl):15-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 16785265.

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Schulz C, Haight RJ. Safety of olanzapine use in adolescents. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2013 Sep;12(5):777-82. Review. PubMed PMID: 23876012.

Shams TA, Müller DJ. Antipsychotic induced weight gain: genetics, epigenetics, and biomarkers reviewed. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014 Oct;16(10):473. PubMed PMID: 25138234.

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Siskind DJ, Leung J, Russell AW, Wysoczanski D, Kisely S. Metformin for Clozapine Associated Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Jun 15;11(6):e0156208. PubMed PMID: 27304831; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4909277.

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Templeman LA, Reynolds GP, Arranz B, San L. Polymorphisms of the 5-HT2C receptor and leptin genes are associated with antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain in Caucasian subjects with a first-episode psychosis. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005 Apr;15(4):195-200. PubMed PMID: 15864111.

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Topamax Prescribing Information. Available at: http://www.janssenlabels.com/package-insert/product-monograph/prescribing-information/TOPAMAX-pi.pdf

Toplak H, Hamann A, Moore R, Masson E, Gorska M, Vercruysse F, Sun X, Fitchet M. Efficacy and safety of topiramate in combination with metformin in the treatment of obese subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Jan;31(1):138-46. PubMed PMID: 16703004.

Ujike H, Nomura A, Morita Y, Morio A, Okahisa Y, Kotaka T, Kodama M, Ishihara T, Kuroda S. Multiple genetic factors in olanzapine-induced weight gain in schizophrenia patients: a cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Sep;69(9):1416-22. PubMed PMID: 19193342.

Weissman E, Jackson C, Schooler N, Goetz R, Essock S. Monitoring metabolic side effects when initiating treatment with second-generation antipsychotic medication. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2012 Jan;5(4):201-7. PubMed PMID: 22182457.

Wink LK, Adams R, Pedapati EV, Dominick KC, Fox E, Buck C, Erickson CA. Brief Report: Metformin for Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2017 Jul;47(7):2290-2294. doi: 10.1007/s10803-017-3132-2. PubMed PMID: 28447303. Naturalistic study.

Xia L, Li WZ, Liu HZ, Hao R, Zhang XY. Olanzapine Versus Risperidone in Children and Adolescents with Psychosis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2018 May;28(4):244-251. PubMed PMID: 29356569; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5952347.

Zhang JP, Lencz T, Zhang RX, Nitta M, Maayan L, John M, Robinson DG, Fleischhacker WW, Kahn RS, Ophoff RA, Kane JM, Malhotra AK, Correll CU. Pharmacogenetic Associations of Antipsychotic Drug-Related Weight Gain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2016 Nov;42(6):1418-1437. PubMed PMID: 27217270; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5049532.

Zheng W, Li XB, Tang YL, Xiang YQ, Wang CY, de Leon J. Metformin for Weight Gain and Metabolic Abnormalities Associated With Antipsychotic Treatment: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015 Oct;35(5):499-509. PubMed PMID: 26280837.

Chapter 22. Other side effects

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