Side effects: References - Simple and Practical Mental Health

This page contains references for each chapter of my book Side Effects of Psychiatric Medications: Prevention, Assessment, and Management (Second edition).

Chapter 1. General principles

Bull SA, Hu XH, Hunkeler EM, et al. Discontinuation of use and switching of antidepressants: influence of patient-physician communication. JAMA. 2002;288(11):1403-1409. PMID: 12234237. (Bull et al., 2002b)

Bull SA, Hunkeler EM, Lee JY, Rowland CR, Williamson TE, Schwab JR, Hurt SW. Discontinuing or switching selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother. 2002 Apr;36(4):578-84. doi: 10.1345/aph.1A254. PMID: 11918502. (Bull et al., 2002a)

Hu XH, Bull SA, Hunkeler EM, Ming E, Lee JY, Fireman B, Markson LE. Incidence and duration of side effects and those rated as bothersome with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment for depression: patient report versus physician estimate. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(7):959-965. PMID:15291685.

Chapter 2. Anticholinergic side effects

American Psychiatric Association (2020). Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia, Third Edition, 2020

Arana GW, Goff DC, Baldessarini RJ, Keepers GA. Efficacy of anticholinergic prophylaxis for neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia. Am J Psychiatry. 1988 Aug;145(8):993-6. doi: 10.1176/ajp.145.8.993. PMID: 2899403.

Arnold SE, Kahn RJ, Faldetta LL, Laing RA, McNair DM. Tricyclic antidepressants and peripheral anticholinergic activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1981;74(4):325-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00432740. PMID: 6794075.

Barton C, Sklenicka J, Sayegh P, Yaffe K. Contraindicated medication use among patients in a memory disorders clinic. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2008 Aug;6(3):147-52. PubMed PMID: 18775389.

Boustani MA, Campbell NL, Munger S, Maidment I, Fox GC. Impact of anticholinergics on the aging brain: a review and practical application. Aging Health. 2008;4(3):311-320.

Broderick ED, Metheny H, Crosby B. Anticholinergic Toxicity. 2020 Nov 23. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan–. PMID: 30521219.

Chew ML, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Lehman ME, Greenspan A, Mahmoud RA, Kirshner MA, Sorisio DA, Bies RR, Gharabawi G. Anticholinergic activity of 107 medications commonly used by older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Jul;56(7):1333-41. PubMed PMID: 18510583.

Das S, Chatterjee SS, Malathesh BC. Anticholinergic medications even in therapeutic range can cause recurrence of psychosis. Gen Psychiatr. 2020 Jul 19;33(4):e100235. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100235. PMID: 32783023; PMCID: PMC7371018.

Desmarais JE, Beauclair L, Margolese HC. Anticholinergics in the era of atypical antipsychotics: short-term or long-term treatment? J Psychopharmacol. 2012 Sep;26(9):1167-74. doi: 10.1177/0269881112447988. Epub 2012 May 31. PMID: 22651987.

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Goff DC, Arana GW, Greenblatt DJ, Dupont R, Ornsteen M, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. The effect of benztropine on haloperidol-induced dystonia, clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics: a prospective, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1991 Apr;11(2):106-12. PMID: 2056136.

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Kachru N, Carnahan RM, Johnson ML, Aparasu RR. Potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medication use in older adults with dementia. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2015 Nov-Dec;55(6):603-12. doi: 10.1331/JAPhA.2015.14288. PubMed PMID: 26501745.

Kachru N, Carnahan RM, Johnson ML, Aparasu RR. Potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medication use in community-dwelling older adults: a national cross-sectional study. Drugs Aging. 2015 May;32(5):379-89. PubMed PMID: 25832970.

Krystal AD, Durrence HH, Scharf M, Jochelson P, Rogowski R, Ludington E, Roth T. Efficacy and Safety of Doxepin 1 mg and 3 mg in a 12-week Sleep Laboratory and Outpatient Trial of Elderly Subjects with Chronic Primary Insomnia. Sleep. 2010 Nov;33(11):1553-61. doi: 10.1093/sleep/33.11.1553. PMID: 21102997; PMCID: PMC2954705.

Krystal AD, Lankford A, Durrence HH, Ludington E, Jochelson P, Rogowski R, Roth T. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 3 and 6 mg in a 35-day sleep laboratory trial in adults with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep. 2011 Oct 1;34(10):1433-42. doi: 10.5665/SLEEP.1294. PMID: 21966075; PMCID: PMC3174845.

Lankford A, Rogowski R, Essink B, Ludington E, Heith Durrence H, Roth T. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 6 mg in a four-week outpatient trial of elderly adults with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep Med. 2012 Feb;13(2):133-8. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2011.09.006. Epub 2011 Dec 24. PMID: 22197474.

Mago R. Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Medications: A Call to Action. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016 Sep;39(3):361-73. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2016.04.005. PMID: 27514294.

Mate KE, Kerr KP, Pond D, Williams EJ, Marley J, Disler P, Brodaty H, Magin PJ. Impact of multiple low-level anticholinergic medications on anticholinergic load of community-dwelling elderly with and without dementia. Drugs Aging. 2015 Feb;32(2):159-67. doi: 10.1007/s40266-014-0230-0. PubMed PMID: 25566958.

Ramjan KA, Williams AJ, Isbister GK, Elliott EJ. ‘Red as a beet and blind as a bat’ Anticholinergic delirium in adolescents: lessons for the paediatrician. J Paediatr Child Health. 2007 Nov;43(11):779-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01220.x. PMID: 17924941.

Richey SM, Krystal AD. Pharmacological advances in the treatment of insomnia. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(15):1471-5. doi: 10.2174/138161211796197052. PMID: 21476952.

Roth T, Rogowski R, Hull S, Schwartz H, Koshorek G, Corser B, Seiden D, Lankford A. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 1 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg in adults with primary insomnia. Sleep. 2007 Nov;30(11):1555-61. doi: 10.1093/sleep/30.11.1555. PMID: 18041488; PMCID: PMC2082089.

Rudolph JL, Salow MJ, Angelini MC, McGlinchey RE. The anticholinergic risk scale and anticholinergic adverse effects in older persons. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Mar 10;168(5):508-13. PubMed PMID: 18332297.

Rummel C, Hamann J, Kissling W, Leucht S. New generation antipsychotics for first episode schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD004410. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004410. PMID: 14584012.

Salahudeen MS, Hilmer SN, Nishtala PS. Comparison of anticholinergic risk scales and associations with adverse health outcomes in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Jan;63(1):85-90. PubMed PMID: 25597560.

Scharf M, Rogowski R, Hull S, Cohn M, Mayleben D, Feldman N, Ereshefsky L, Lankford A, Roth T. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 1 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg in elderly patients with primary insomnia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Oct;69(10):1557-64. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v69n1005. Epub 2008 Oct 7. PMID: 19192438.

Wang GS, Baker K, Ng P, Janis GC, Leonard J, Mistry RD, Heard K. A randomized trial comparing physostigmine vs lorazepam for treatment of antimuscarinic (anticholinergic) toxidrome. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2020 Dec 9:1-13. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1854281. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33295809.

Chapter 3. Cardiovascular System

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Alawami M, Wasywich C, Cicovic A, Kenedi C. A systematic review of clozapine induced cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2014 Sep 20;176(2):315-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 25131906.

Andrade C, Sandarsh S, Chethan KB, Nagesh KS. Serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and abnormal bleeding: a review for clinicians and a reconsideration of mechanisms. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;71(12):1565-75. doi: 10.4088/JCP.09r05786blu. Review. PubMed PMID: 21190637.

Bak S, Tsiropoulos I, Kjaersgaard JO, Andersen M, Mellerup E, Hallas J, García Rodríguez LA, Christensen K, Gaist D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of stroke: a population-based case-control study. Stroke. 2002 Jun;33(6):1465-73. PubMed PMID: 12052976.

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Mago R, Mahajan R, Thase ME. Medically serious adverse effects of newer antidepressants. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2008 Jun;10(3):249-57. doi: 10.1007/s11920-008-0041-2. PMID: 18652794

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Sakaguchi T, Itoh H, Ding WG, Tsuji K, Nagaoka I, Oka Y, Ashihara T, Ito M, Yumoto Y, Zenda N, Higashi Y, Takeyama Y, Matsuura H, Horie M. Hydroxyzine, a first generation H(1)-receptor antagonist, inhibits human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) current and causes syncope in a patient with the HERG mutation. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008 Dec;108(4):462-71. PubMed PMID: 19057127.

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Vora A, Makris M. Personal practice: An approach to investigation of easy bruising. Arch Dis Child. 2001 Jun;84(6):488-91. doi: 10.1136/adc.84.6.488. PMID: 11369565; PMCID: PMC1718790.

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Weiss A, Grossman E, Beloosesky Y, Grinblat J. Orthostatic hypotension in acute geriatric ward: is it a consistent finding? Arch Intern Med. 2002 Nov 11;162(20):2369-74. ew. PubMed PMID: 24659590.

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Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV, Schaffer A, Bond DJ, Frey BN, Sharma V, Goldstein BI, Rej S, Beaulieu S, Alda M, MacQueen G, Milev RV, Ravindran A, O’Donovan C, McIntosh D, Lam RW, Vazquez G, Kapczinski F, McIntyre RS, Kozicky J, Kanba S, Lafer B, Suppes T, Calabrese JR, Vieta E, Malhi G, Post RM, Berk M. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) 2018 guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2018 Mar;20(2):97-170. PubMed PMID: 29536616; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5947163.

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Chapter 4. Discontinuation syndromes

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Chaudhuri KR, Todorova A, Nirenberg MJ, Parry M, Martin A, Martinez-Martin P, Rizos A, Henriksen T, Jost W, Storch A, Ebersbach G, Reichmann H, Odin P, Antonini A. A Pilot Prospective, Multicenter Observational Study of Dopamine Agonist Withdrawal Syndrome in Parkinson’s Disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2015 Mar 16;2(2):170-174. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.12141. eCollection 2015 Jun. PubMed PMID: 30713891; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6353371. Prospective study of 51 patients.

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Cutler N. Severe Venlafaxine Withdrawal Successfully Treated With a Short Course of Duloxetine. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2017 Feb 9;19(1). doi: 10.4088/PCC.16l02001. PMID: 28196312.

Dilsaver SC, Feinberg M, Greden JF. Antidepressant withdrawal symptoms treated with anticholinergic agents. Am J Psychiatry. 1983 Feb;140(2):249-51. PubMed PMID: 6849449.

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Fava GA, Gatti A, Belaise C, Guidi J, Offidani E. Withdrawal Symptoms after Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Discontinuation: A Systematic Review. Psychother Psychosom. 2015 Feb 21;84(2):72-81. PubMed PMID: 25721705.

Feth N, Cattapan-Ludewig K, Jaquenoud Sirot E. Electric sensations: neglected symptom of escitalopram discontinuation. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;163(1):160. PubMed PMID: 16390910.

Frost L, Lal S. Shock-like sensations after discontinuation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 May;152(5):810. PubMed PMID: 7726327.

Giakas WJ, Davis JM. Intractable withdrawal from venlafaxine treated with fluoxetine. Psychiatric Annals. 1997;27(2):85-92.

Haddad PM, Anderson IM. Recognising and managing antidepressant discontinuation symptoms. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 2007;13:447-457.

Haddad PM, Qureshi M. Misdiagnosis of antidepressant discontinuation symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000 Dec;102(6):466-7; discussion 467-8. PubMed PMID: 11142438.

Harvey BH, McEwen BS, Stein DJ. Neurobiology of antidepressant withdrawal: implications for the longitudinal outcome of depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Nov 15;54(10):1105-17. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00528-6. PMID: 14625154.

Himei A, Okamura T. Discontinuation syndrome associated with paroxetine in depressed patients: a retrospective analysis of factors involved in the occurrence of the syndrome. CNS Drugs. 2006;20(8):665-72. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200620080-00005. PMID: 16863271.

Hsiao MC, Liu CY. Successful duloxetine use to prevent venlafaxine withdrawal symptoms. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Feb 15;32(2):576. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.036. Epub 2007 Aug 31. PMID: 17889418.

Launois C, Leu-Semenescu S, Brion A, Arnulf I. Major depression after withdrawing dopamine agonists in two patients with restless legs syndrome and impulse control disorders. Sleep Med. 2013 Jul;14(7):696. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.04.009. Epub 2013 May 25. PubMed PMID: 23714418.

Limotai N, Oyama G, Go C, Bernal O, Ong T, Moum SJ, Bhidayasiri R, Foote KD, Bowers D, Ward H, Okun MS. Addiction-like manifestations and Parkinson’s disease: a large single center 9-year experience. Int J Neurosci. 2012 Mar;122(3):145-53. doi: 10.3109/00207454.2011.633722. Epub 2011 Dec 6. PubMed PMID: 22023411.

Luckhaus C, Jacob C. Venlafaxine withdrawal syndrome not prevented by maprotiline, but resolved by sertraline. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001 Mar;4(1):43-4. doi: 10.1017/S1461145701002176. PMID: 11343628.

Nielsen M, Hansen EH, Gøtzsche PC. What is the difference between dependence and withdrawal reactions? A comparison of benzodiazepines and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Addiction. 2012 May;107(5):900-8. PubMed PMID: 21992148.

Nirenberg MJ. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome: implications for patient care. Drugs Aging. 2013 Aug;30(8):587-92. doi: 10.1007/s40266-013-0090-z. Review. PubMed PMID: 23686524.

Ogle NR, Akkerman SR. Guidance for the discontinuation or switching of antidepressant therapies in adults. J Pharm Pract. 2013 Aug;26(4):389-96. PubMed PMID: 23459282. Campagne DM. Venlafaxine and serious withdrawal symptoms: warning to drivers. MedGenMed. 2005 Jul 6;7(3):22. Review. PubMed PMID: 16369248; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1681629.

Patel S, Garcia X, Mohammad ME, Yu XX, Vlastaris K, O’Donnell K, Sutton K, Fernandez HH. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome (DAWS) in a tertiary Parkinson disease treatment center. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Aug 15;379:308-311. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.06.022. Epub 2017 Jun 16. PubMed PMID: 28716269. Large study but retrospective.

Pitchot W, Ansseau M. Shock-like sensations associated with duloxetine discontinuation. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Jul-Sep;20(3):175. PubMed PMID: 18633745.

Pondal M, Marras C, Miyasaki J, Moro E, Armstrong MJ, Strafella AP, Shah BB, Fox S, Prashanth LK, Phielipp N, Lang AE. Clinical features of dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in a movement disorders clinic. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013 Feb;84(2):130-5. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302684. Epub 2012 Aug 29. PubMed PMID: 22933817.

Prakash O, Dhar V. Emergence of electric shock-like sensations on escitalopram discontinuation. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jun;28(3):359-60. PubMed PMID: 18480703.

Rabinak CA, Nirenberg MJ. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2010 Jan;67(1):58-63. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.294. PubMed PMID: 20065130. The first published report of DAWS.

Raby WN. Treatment of venlafaxine discontinuation symptoms with ondansetron. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998 Nov;59(11):621-2. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v59n1109d. PMID: 9862610.

Reeves RR, Mack JE, Beddingfield JJ. Shock-like sensations during venlafaxine withdrawal. Pharmacotherapy. 2003 May;23(5):678-81. PubMed PMID: 12741444.

Schatzberg AF, Blier P, Delgado PL, Fava M, Haddad PM, Shelton RC. Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome: consensus panel recommendations for clinical management and additional research. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67 Suppl 4:27-30. Review. PubMed PMID: 16683860.

Schechter JO. Treatment of disequilibrium and nausea in the SRI discontinuation syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998 Aug;59(8):431-2. PubMed PMID: 9721826.

Shimo Y, Nakajima A, Hattori N. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in a patient with restless legs syndrome without impulse control disorder or drug abuse. Neurol Sci. 2015 Jun;36(6):1021-3. doi: 10.1007/s10072-014-1996-x. Epub 2014 Nov 2. PubMed PMID: 25362251.

Sir A, D’Souza RF, Uguz S, George T, Vahip S, Hopwood M, Martin AJ, Lam W, Burt T. Randomized trial of sertraline versus venlafaxine XR in major depression: efficacy and discontinuation symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Oct;66(10):1312-20. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v66n1015. PMID: 16259546.

Solla P, Fasano A, Cannas A, Marrosu F. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Nov 15;382:47-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.3263. Epub 2017 Sep 1. PubMed PMID: 29111017.

Terao T. Misdiagnosis of antidepressant discontinuation symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001 Jul;104(1):77-8. PubMed PMID: 11437757.

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Warner CH, Bobo W, Warner C, Reid S, Rachal J. Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Aug 1;74(3):449-56. PMID: 16913164.

Wolfe RM. Antidepressant withdrawal reactions. Am Fam Physician. 1997 Aug;56(2):455-62. Erratum in: Am Fam Physician 1998 Feb 15;57(4):646. PMID: 9262526.

Yu XX, Fernandez HH. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome: A comprehensive review. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Mar 15;374:53-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.12.070. Epub 2017 Jan 2. Review. PubMed PMID: 28104232.

Chapter 5. Ears

Ahmad S. Venlafaxine and severe tinnitus. Am Fam Physician. 1995 Jun;51(8):1830. PMID: 7762476. Case report.

Baldo P, Doree C, Molin P, McFerran D, Cecco S. Antidepressants for patients with tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;2012(9):CD003853. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003853.pub3. PMID: 22972065; PMCID: PMC7156891. A systematic review of clinical trials.

Belli H, Belli S, Oktay MF, Ural C. Psychopathological dimensions of tinnitus and psychopharmacologic approaches in its treatment. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012 May-Jun;34(3):282-9. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.006. Epub 2012 Jan 27. PMID: 22283657.

Clewes J. A case report of onset of tinnitus following discontinuation of antidepressant and a review of the literature. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2012;14(1):PCC.11br01218. doi: 10.4088/PCC.11br01218. Epub 2012 Feb 16. PMID: 22690352; PMCID: PMC3357564.

Dobie RA, Sakai CS, Sullivan MD, Katon WJ, Russo J. Antidepressant treatment of tinnitus patients: report of a randomized clinical trial and clinical prediction of benefit. Am J Otol. 1993 Jan;14(1):18-23. PMID: 8424470.

Einstein EH, González-Arias M, Kamath AS, Channen L, Mirza T. Auditory Hallucinations or Tinnitus? A Case of Framing Effects and a High Jugular Bulb. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2017 Aug 31;19(4):17l02108. doi: 10.4088/PCC.17l02108. PMID: 28906603.

Golden RN, Evans DL. Antidepressants and tinnitus. Arch Intern Med. 1994 Jun 27;154(12):1411. doi: 10.1001/archinte.154.12.1411a. PMID: 8002694. Letter to the Editor.

Gordon AG. Tinnitus and hallucinations. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1988 Jan;27(1):140-1. doi: 10.1097/00004583-198801000-00029. PMID: 3343202.

Gordon AG. Benzodiazepines and the ear–tinnitus, hallucinations and schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry. 1993 Mar;38(2):156-7. doi: 10.1177/070674379303800224. PMID: 8467446.

Humma LM, Swims MP. Bupropion mimics a transient ischemic attack. Ann Pharmacother. 1999 Mar;33(3):305-7. doi: 10.1345/aph.18206. PMID: 10200854. Settle EC Jr. Tinnitus related to bupropion treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Aug;52(8):352. PMID: 1907965. Case reports.

Jacobson GP, McCaslin DL. A search for evidence of a direct relationship between tinnitus and suicide. J Am Acad Audiol. 2001 Nov-Dec;12(10):493-6. PMID: 11791935.

Langguth B, Landgrebe M, Wittmann M, Kleinjung T, Hajak G. Persistent tinnitus induced by tricyclic antidepressants. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Aug;24(8):1273-5. doi: 10.1177/0269881109106929. Epub 2009 Oct 13. PMID: 19825900.

Mendis D, Johnston M. An unusual case of prolonged tinnitus following low-dose amitriptyline. J Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jul;22(5):574-5. doi: 10.1177/0269881107082126. Epub 2008 Feb 28. PMID: 18308819. Settle EC Jr. Tinnitus related to bupropion treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Aug;52(8):352. PMID: 1907965. Case report.

Messina A, Corvaia A, Marino C. Definition of Tinnitus. Audiol Res. 2022 May 23;12(3):281-289. doi: 10.3390/audiolres12030029. PMID: 35645199; PMCID: PMC9149955.

Miller CW. Development of Tinnitus at a Low Dose of Sertraline: Clinical Course and Proposed Mechanisms. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2016;2016:1790692. doi: 10.1155/2016/1790692. Epub 2016 Sep 15. PMID: 27703829; PMCID: PMC5040800.

Nam EC. Is it necessary to differentiate tinnitus from auditory hallucination in schizophrenic patients? J Laryngol Otol. 2005 May;119(5):352-5. doi: 10.1258/0022215053945796. PMID: 15949097.

Oishi N, Kanzaki S, Shinden S, Saito H, Inoue Y, Ogawa K. Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor on treating tinnitus in patients stratified for presence of depression or anxiety. Audiol Neurootol. 2010;15(3):187-93. doi: 10.1159/000251916. Epub 2009 Oct 23. PMID: 19851065.

Pinto PC, Marcelos CM, Mezzasalma MA, Osterne FJ, de Melo Tavares de Lima MA, Nardi AE. Tinnitus and its association with psychiatric disorders: systematic review. J Laryngol Otol. 2014 Aug;128(8):660-4. doi: 10.1017/S0022215114001030. Epub 2014 Jul 17. PMID: 25033303.

Pondrom MF, Brahm NC. Venlafaxine-associated tinnitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2009 Sep 15;66(18):1606, 1608. doi: 10.2146/ajhp090309. PMID: 19729562. Case report.

Reeves RR, Mustain DW, Pendarvis JE. Valproate-induced tinnitus misinterpreted as psychotic symptoms. South Med J. 2000 Oct;93(10):1030-1. PMID: 11147471.

Robinson SK, Viirre ES, Bailey KA, Gerke MA, Harris JP, Stein MB. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in the treatment of nondepressed tinnitus subjects. Psychosom Med. 2005 Nov-Dec;67(6):981-8. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000188479.04891.74. Erratum in: Psychosom Med. 2006 Jan-Feb;68(1):1 p preceding 1. Stein, Murray B [added]. PMID: 16314604.

Robinson SK, Viirre ES, Stein MB. Antidepressant therapy in tinnitus. Hear Res. 2007 Apr;226(1-2):221-31. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2006.08.004. Epub 2006 Sep 14. PMID: 16973315.

Santos RM, Sanchez TG, Bento RF, Lucia MC. Auditory hallucinations in tinnitus patients: Emotional relationships and depression. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2012 Jul;16(3):322-7. doi: 10.7162/S1809-97772012000300004. PMID: 25991952; PMCID: PMC4399702.

Savage J, Waddell A. Tinnitus. BMJ Clin Evid. 2014 Oct 20;2014:0506. PMID: 25328113; PMCID: PMC4202663.

Settle EC Jr. Tinnitus related to bupropion treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991 Aug;52(8):352. PMID: 1907965. Case report.

Sismanis A. Pulsatile tinnitus: contemporary assessment and management. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011 Oct;19(5):348-57. doi: 10.1097/MOO.0b013e3283493fd8. PMID: 22552697.

Sullivan M, Katon W, Russo J, Dobie R, Sakai C. A randomized trial of nortriptyline for severe chronic tinnitus. Effects on depression, disability, and tinnitus symptoms. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Oct 11;153(19):2251-9. PMID: 8215728.

Sullivan MD, Dobie RA, Sakai CS, Katon WJ. Treatment of depressed tinnitus patients with nortriptyline. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1989 Nov;98(11):867-72. doi: 10.1177/000348948909801107. PMID: 2817678.

Szibor A, Mäkitie A, Aarnisalo AA. Tinnitus and suicide: An unresolved relation. Audiol Res. 2019 Jun 7;9(1):222. doi: 10.4081/audiores.2019.222. PMID: 31275536; PMCID: PMC6580142.

Tunkel DE, Bauer CA, Sun GH, Rosenfeld RM, Chandrasekhar SS, Cunningham ER Jr, Archer SM, Blakley BW, Carter JM, Granieri EC, Henry JA, Hollingsworth D, Khan FA, Mitchell S, Monfared A, Newman CW, Omole FS, Phillips CD, Robinson SK, Taw MB, Tyler RS, Waguespack R, Whamond EJ. Clinical practice guideline: tinnitus. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Oct;151(2 Suppl):S1-S40. doi: 10.1177/0194599814545325. PMID: 25273878.

Ziai K, Moshtaghi O, Mahboubi H, Djalilian HR. Tinnitus Patients Suffering from Anxiety and Depression: A Review. Int Tinnitus J. 2017 Jun 1;21(1):68-73. doi: 10.5935/0946-5448.20170013. PMID: 28723605.

Chapter 6. Electrolytes

Allan R, Foster C. Problem-based review: A patient with metabolic acidosis. Acute Med. 2012;11(4):251-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 23364112.

Barnett SM, Jackson AH, Rosen BA, Garb JL, Braden GL. Nephrolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis From Topiramate Therapy in Children With Epilepsy. Kidney Int Rep. 2018 Feb 21;3(3):684-690. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.02.005. eCollection 2018 May. PubMed PMID: 29854977; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5976810.

Beers E, van Puijenbroek EP, Bartelink IH, van der Linden CM, Jansen PA. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) or hyponatraemia associated with valproic Acid: four case reports from the Netherlands and a case/non-case analysis of vigibase. Drug Saf. 2010 Jan 1;33(1):47-55. PubMed PMID: 20000866.

Berend K. Review of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2017 Dec;3(4):149-159. doi: 10.1159/000479279. Epub 2017 Sep 1. Review. PubMed PMID: 29344509; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5757610.

Brubaker RH, Meseeha M. High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis. 2018 Oct 27. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from http://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/books/NBK448090/ PubMed PMID: 28846305.

Burmeister JE, Pereira RR, Hartke EM, Kreuz M. Topiramate and severe metabolic acidosis: case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2005 Jun;63(2B):532-4. Epub 2005 Jul 25. PubMed PMID: 16059613.

Centor RM. Serum Total Carbon Dioxide. In: Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK308

De Picker L, Van Den Eede F, Dumont G, Moorkens G, Sabbe BG. Antidepressants and the risk of hyponatremia: a class-by-class review of literature. Psychosomatics. 2014 Nov-Dec;55(6):536-47. doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2014.01.010. Epub 2014 Apr 21. Review. PubMed PMID: 25262043.

Fabian TJ, Amico JA, Kroboth PD, Mulsant BH, Corey SE, Begley AE, Bensasi SG, Weber E, Dew MA, Reynolds CF 3rd, Pollock BG. Paroxetine-induced hyponatremia in older adults: a 12-week prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Feb 9;164(3):327-32. PubMed PMID: 14769630.

Fakhoury T, Murray L, Seger D, McLean M, Abou-Khalil B. Topiramate Overdose: Clinical and Laboratory Features. Epilepsy Behav. 2002 Apr;3(2):185-189. PubMed PMID: 12609421.

Fall PJ. A stepwise approach to acid-base disorders. Practical patient evaluation for metabolic acidosis and other conditions. Postgrad Med. 2000 Mar;107(3):249-50, 253-4, 257-8 passim. Review. PubMed PMID: 10728149.

Grant P, Ayuk J, Bouloux PM, Cohen M, Cranston I, Murray RD, Rees A, Thatcher N, Grossman A. The diagnosis and management of inpatient hyponatraemia and SIADH. Eur J Clin Invest. 2015 Aug;45(8):888-94. PubMed PMID: 25995119; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4744950.

Greenblatt HK, Greenblatt DJ. Antidepressant-Associated Hyponatremia in the Elderly. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Dec;36(6):545-549. Review. PubMed PMID: 27755157.

Jacob S, Spinler SA. Hyponatremia associated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in older adults. Ann Pharmacother. 2006 Sep;40(9):1618-22. Epub 2006 Aug 8. Review. PubMed PMID: 16896026.

Jones MB. Basic interpretation of metabolic acidosis. Crit Care Nurse. 2010 Oct;30(5):63-9; quiz 70. doi: 10.4037/ccn2010521. Review. PubMed PMID: 20889514.

Kraut JA, Madias NE. Serum anion gap: its uses and limitations in clinical medicine. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Jan;2(1):162-74. Epub 2006 Dec 6. Review. PubMed PMID: 17699401.

Kraut JA, Nagami GT. The serum anion gap in the evaluation of acid-base disorders: what are its limitations and can its effectiveness be improved? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013 Nov;8(11):2018-24. doi: 10.2215/CJN.04040413. Epub 2013 Jul 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 23833313; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3817910.

Langman LJ, Jannetto PJ, Sztajnkrycer MD. Unidentified anion gap metabolic acidosis. Clin Biochem. 2019 Mar;65:53-54. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.12.006. Epub 2018 Dec 19. PubMed PMID: 30578759.

Liamis G, Milionis HJ, Elisaf M. Pharmacologically-induced metabolic acidosis: a review. Drug Saf. 2010 May 1;33(5):371-91. doi: 10.2165/11533790-000000000-00000. Review. PubMed PMID: 20397738. 7: Casaletto JJ. Differential diagnosis of metabolic acidosis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2005 Aug;23(3):771-87, ix. Review. PubMed PMID: 15982545.

Lu X, Wang X. Hyponatremia induced by antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2017 Jan;16(1):77-87. Review. PubMed PMID: 27737595.

Mago R, Mahajan R, Thase ME. Medically serious adverse effects of newer antidepressants. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2008 Jun;10(3):249-57. Review. PubMed PMID: 18652794.

Mirza N, Marson AG, Pirmohamed M. Effect of topiramate on acid-base balance: extent, mechanism and effects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Nov;68(5):655-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03521.x. PubMed PMID: 19916989; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2791971.

Mirza NS, Alfirevic A, Jorgensen A, Marson AG, Pirmohamed M. Metabolic acidosis with topiramate and zonisamide: an assessment of its severity and predictors. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2011 May;21(5):297-302. doi: 10.1097/FPC.0b013e3283441b95. PubMed PMID: 21278619.

Pham AQ, Xu LH, Moe OW. Drug-Induced Metabolic Acidosis. F1000Res. 2015 Dec 16;4. pii: F1000 Faculty Rev-1460. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7006.1. eCollection 2015. Review. PubMed PMID: 26918138; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4754009.

Rastegar M, Nagami GT. Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis: A Clinical Approach to Evaluation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017 Feb;69(2):296-301. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.09.013. Epub 2016 Oct 28. PubMed PMID: 28029394.

Reddy P, Mooradian AD. Clinical utility of anion gap in deciphering acid-base disorders. Int J Clin Pract. 2009 Oct;63(10):1516-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02000.x. Review. PubMed PMID: 19769708.

Roxanas M, Hibbert E, Field M. Venlafaxine hyponatraemia: incidence, mechanism and management. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007 May;41(5):411-8. PubMed PMID: 17464733.

Sacks GS. The ABC’s of Acid-Base Balance. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Oct;9(4):235-42. doi: 10.5863/1551-6776-9.4.235. PubMed PMID: 23118702; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3469118.

Sinha A, Oo P, Asghar MU, Cheema HA, Mehta SS, Leinwand JC, Janga K. Type II Renal Tubular Acidosis Secondary to Topiramate: A Review. Cureus. 2018 Nov 26;10(11):e3635. doi: 10.7759/cureus.3635. Review. PubMed PMID: 30755834; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6351003.

Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, Korzelius C, Schrier RW, Sterns RH, Thompson CJ. Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations. Am J Med. 2013 Oct;126(10 Suppl 1):S1-42. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.07.006. PubMed PMID: 24074529.

Viramontes TS, Truong H, Linnebur SA. Antidepressant-Induced Hyponatremia in Older Adults. Consult Pharm. 2016 Mar;31(3):139-50. doi: 10.4140/TCP.n.2016.139. Review. PubMed PMID: 26975593.

Wilson WC. Clinical approach to acid-base analysis. Importance of the anion gap. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2001 Dec;19(4):907-12. Review. PubMed PMID: 11778385.

Chapter 7. Endocrine glands

Abdel Gadir A, Khatim MS, Muharib NS, Shaw RW. The aetiology of galactorrhoea in women with regular menstruation and normal prolactin levels. Hum Reprod. 1992 Aug;7(7):912-4. PubMed PMID: 1430126.

Abraham G, Paing WW, Kaminski J, Joseph A, Kohegyi E, Josiassen RC. Effects of elevated serum prolactin on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in female patients with schizophrenia: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;160(9):1618-20. PubMed PMID: 12944336.

Agarwal M, Das A, Singh SA. Hyperprolactinemia with normal serum prolactin: Its clinical significance. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2010 May;3(2):111-2. PubMed PMID: 21209758; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2970787.

Ajmal A, Joffe H, Nachtigall LB. Psychotropic-induced hyperprolactinemia: a clinical review. Psychosomatics. 2014 Jan-Feb;55(1):29-36. Review. PubMed PMID: 24140188.

Anghelescu I, Wolf J. Successful switch to aripiprazole after induction of hyperprolactinemia by ziprasidone: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;65(9):1286-7. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v65n0918f. PMID: 15367061.

Balijepalli C, Druyts E, Zoratti MJ, Wu P, Kanji S, Rabheru K, Yan K, Thorlund K. Change in Prolactin Levels in Pediatric Patients Given Antipsychotics for Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Network Meta-Analysis. Schizophr Res Treatment. 2018 Apr 1;2018:1543034. doi: 10.1155/2018/1543034. PMID: 29805808; PMCID: PMC5899856.

Barata PC, Santos MJ, Melo JC, Maia T. Olanzapine-Induced Hyperprolactinemia: Two Case Reports. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Jul 29;10:846. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00846. PMID: 31417404; PMCID: PMC6680598.

Bauer M, Blumentritt H, Finke R, Schlattmann P, Adli M, Baethge C, Bschor T, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Berghöfer A. Using ultrasonography to determine thyroid size and prevalence of goiter in lithium-treated patients with affective disorders. J Affect Disord. 2007 Dec;104(1-3):45-51. PubMed PMID: 17346802.

Bendz H, Sjödin I, Toss G, Berglund K. Hyperparathyroidism and long-term lithium therapy–a cross-sectional study and the effect of lithium withdrawal. J Intern Med. 1996 Dec;240(6):357-65. PubMed PMID: 9010382.

Berger M, Riedel M, Tomova N, Obermeier M, Seemüller F, Dittmann S, Moeller HJ, Severus E. Do current screening recommendations allow for early detection of lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism in patients with bipolar disorder? Int J Bipolar Disord. 2013 Jun 14;1:7. PubMed PMID: 25505674; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4230432.

Berwaerts J, Cleton A, Rossenu S, Talluri K, Remmerie B, Janssens L, Boom S, Kramer M, Eerdekens M. A comparison of serum prolactin concentrations after administration of paliperidone extended-release and risperidone tablets in patients with schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Jul;24(7):1011-8. doi: 10.1177/0269881109106914. Epub 2009 Oct 13. PMID: 19825908.

Bocchetta A, Cocco F, Velluzzi F, Del Zompo M, Mariotti S, Loviselli A. Fifteen-year follow-up of thyroid function in lithium patients. J Endocrinol Invest. 2007 May;30(5):363-6. PubMed PMID: 17598966.

Broome JT, Solorzano CC. Lithium use and primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2011 Mar-Apr;17 Suppl 1:31-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 21247849.

Brown EM. Lithium induces abnormal calcium-regulated PTH release in dispersed bovine parathyroid cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981 May;52(5):1046-8. PubMed PMID: 7228989.

Bushe C, Shaw M, Peveler RC. A review of the association between antipsychotic use and hyperprolactinaemia. J Psychopharmacol. 2008 Mar;22(2 Suppl):46-55. doi: 10.1177/0269881107088435. PMID: 18477620.

Carchman E, Ogilvie J, Holst J, Yim J, Carty S. Appropriate surgical treatment of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 2008 Oct;32(10):2195-9. doi: 10.1007/s00268-008-9616-7. PubMed PMID: 18463919.

Chen JX, Su YA, Bian QT, Wei LH, Zhang RZ, Liu YH, Correll C, Soares JC, Yang FD, Wang SL, Zhang XY. Adjunctive aripiprazole in the treatment of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015 Aug;58:130-40. PubMed PMID: 25981348.

Citrome L. Drug safety evaluation of ziprasidone. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2011 May;10(3):437-48. doi: 10.1517/14740338.2011.560114. Epub 2011 Feb 19. PMID: 21332416.

Citrome L. Lurasidone for schizophrenia: a review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved second-generation antipsychotic. Int J Clin Pract. 2011 Feb;65(2):189-210. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02587.x. Epub 2010 Dec 3. PMID: 21129135.

Citrome L, Ketter TA, Cucchiaro J, Loebel A. Clinical assessment of lurasidone benefit and risk in the treatment of bipolar I depression using number needed to treat, number needed to harm, and likelihood to be helped or harmed. J Affect Disord. 2014 Feb;155:20-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.040. Epub 2013 Oct 28. PMID: 24246116.

Citrome L, Stauffer VL, Chen L, Kinon BJ, Kurtz DL, Jacobson JG, Bergstrom RF. Olanzapine plasma concentrations after treatment with 10, 20, and 40 mg/d in patients with schizophrenia: an analysis of correlations with efficacy, weight gain, and prolactin concentration. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Jun;29(3):278-83. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181a289cb. PMID: 19440083.

Clayton AH, Ivkovic J, Chen D, George V, Hobart M. Effect of Brexpiprazole on Prolactin and Sexual Functioning: An Analysis of Short- and Long-Term Study Data in Major Depressive Disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020 Nov/Dec;40(6):560-567. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001297. PMID: 33136923; PMCID: PMC7643790.

Correll C, Kishimoto T, Carlson H. Review: most antipsychotic drugs more than double the prolactin levels in children and adolescents. Evid Based Ment Health. 2010 May;13(2):54. doi: 10.1136/ebmh.13.2.54. PMID: 21856617.

Crawford AM, Beasley CM Jr, Tollefson GD. The acute and long-term effect of olanzapine compared with placebo and haloperidol on serum prolactin concentrations. Schizophr Res. 1997 Jul 25;26(1):41-54. doi: 10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00036-4. PMID: 9376336.

Culpepper L, Vieta E, Kelly DL, Patel MD, Szatmári B, Hankinson A, Earley WR. Minimal Effects of Cariprazine on Prolactin Levels in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022 May 12;18:995-1011. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S348143. PMID: 35591886; PMCID: PMC9112044.

Daniels GH, Hayden DL, Goff DC, Kearns AE. Effect of risperidone dose on serum prolactin level. Endocr Pract. 2001 May-Jun;7(3):224. PubMed PMID: 11421571.

David SR, Taylor CC, Kinon BJ, Breier A. The effects of olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on plasma prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia. Clin Ther. 2000 Sep;22(9):1085-96. doi: 10.1016/S0149-2918(00)80086-7. PMID: 11048906.

De Hert M, Detraux J, Peuskens J. Second-generation and newly approved antipsychotics, serum prolactin levels and sexual dysfunctions: a critical literature review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014 May;13(5):605-24. Review. PubMed PMID: 24697217.

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Dixon M, Luthra V, Todd C. Use of cinacalcet in lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism. BMJ Case Rep. 2018 Aug 29;2018. pii: bcr-2018-225154. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225154. PubMed PMID: 30158262.

Dyer O. Johnson & Johnson is ordered to pay $70m to boy who developed gynecomastia. BMJ. 2016 Jul 11;354:i3846. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i3846. PMID: 27402539.

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Fagiolini A, Kupfer DJ, Scott J, Swartz HA, Cook D, Novick DM, Frank E. Hypothyroidism in patients with bipolar I disorder treated primarily with lithium. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2006 Apr-Jun;15(2):123-7. PubMed PMID: 16865933.

Gitlin M. Lithium side effects and toxicity: prevalence and management strategies. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2016 Dec;4(1):27. Review. PubMed PMID: 27900734; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5164879.

Goel P, Kahkasha, Narang S, Gupta BK, Goel K. Evaluation of serum prolactin level in patients of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015 Jan;9(1):BC15-7. PubMed PMID: 25737975; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4347066.

Grandjean EM, Aubry JM. Lithium: updated human knowledge using an evidence-based approach: part III: clinical safety. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(5):397-418. Review. PubMed PMID: 19453201.

Gregoor PS, de Jong GM. Lithium hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, and cinacalcet. Kidney Int. 2007 Mar;71(5):470. PubMed PMID: 17315015.

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Gunes S. Hyperprolactinemic Galactorrhea as a Side Effect of Aripiprazole: An Adolescent Case (Aripiprazole-Related Hyperprolactinemic Galactorrhea). J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018 Apr;38(2):161-162. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000836. PMID: 29360652.

Hamner M. The effects of atypical antipsychotics on serum prolactin levels. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Sep;14(3):163-73. doi: 10.1023/a:1021138603935. PMID: 12585566.

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Chapter 8. Eyes

Carter JG, Schmidt R, Carter PA. Treating blurred vision associated with antipsychotic medication. Am J Psychiatry. 1977 Aug;134(8):941. PubMed PMID: 879373

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Chen VC, Ng MH, Chiu WC, McIntyre RS, Lee Y, Lin TY, Weng JC, Chen PC, Hsu CY. Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on glaucoma: A nationwide population-based study. PLoS One. 2017 Mar 3;12(3):e0173005. PubMed PMID: 28257449; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5336262.

Costagliola C, Parmeggiani F, Sebastiani A. SSRIs and intraocular pressure modifications: evidence, therapeutic implications and possible mechanisms. CNS Drugs. 2004;18(8):475-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 15182218.

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Golberg J, Ernst C. Managing the Side Effects of Psychotropic Medications. Amer Psychiatric Pub Inc; Revised edition, 2018.

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Oshika T. Ocular adverse effects of neuropsychiatric agents. Incidence and management. Drug Saf. 1995 Apr;12(4):256-63. Review. PubMed PMID: 7646824.

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Shapiro AK. More on drug-induced blurred vision. Am J Psychiatry. 1977 Dec;134(12):1449. PubMed PMID: 920863.

Uzun S, Kozumplik O, Folnegovic-Smalc V, Jukic V, Petrinovic-Doresic J, Dorn L, Milas DZ, Mimica N. Treatment with risperidone and occurrence of blurred vision: a question of higher dosage. Can J Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;49(9):647. PubMed PMID: 15503746. Blurred vision improved in two weeks after the dose of risperidone was reduced but couldn’t it also have been due to development of tolerance?

Chapter 9. Gastrointestinal tract

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Akhtar A, Sarode R, Agrawal D. Measuring both serum amylase and lipase for acute pancreatitis lowers quality and raises cost. Cleve Clin J Med. 2017 Sep;84(9):670-672. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.84a.16103. PMID: 28885902.

Alastal Y, Hasan S, Chowdhury MA, Hammad T, Safi F, Rapport D, Assaly R. Hypertriglyceridemia-Induced Pancreatitis in Psychiatric Patients: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Am J Ther. 2016 May-Jun;23(3):e947-9. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000101. PMID: 24987947.

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Asconapé JJ, Penry JK, Dreifuss FE, Riela A, Mirza W. Valproate-associated pancreatitis. Epilepsia. 1993 Jan-Feb;34(1):177-83. PubMed PMID: 8422855.

Bale JF Jr, Gay PE, Madsen JA. Monitoring of serum amylase levels during valproic acid therapy. Ann Neurol. 1982 Feb;11(2):217-8. PubMed PMID: 6176180.

Banks PA, Freeman ML; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct;101(10):2379-400. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00856.x. PMID: 17032204.

Barthez S, Revet A, Chouchana L, Jonville-Bera AP, Pizzoglio V, Raynaud JP, Chebane L, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Montastruc F. Adverse drug reactions in infants, children and adolescents exposed to antidepressants: a French pharmacovigilance study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020 Nov;76(11):1591-1599. doi: 10.1007/s00228-020-02944-7. Epub 2020 Jun 25. PMID: 32588107.

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Gerstner T, Büsing D, Bell N, Longin E, Kasper JM, Klostermann W, Hebing B, Hanefeld F, Eckel U, Hoffmann R, Bettendorf U, Weidner B, Wiemer-Kruel A, Brockmann K, Neumann FW, Sandrieser T, Wolff M, König S. Valproic acid-induced pancreatitis: 16 new cases and a review of the literature. J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan;42(1):39-48. Review. PubMed PMID: 17322992.

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Hanft A, Bourgeois J. Risperidone and pancreatitis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004 Dec;43(12):1458-9. doi: 10.1016/S0890-8567(09)61378-2. PMID: 15564814.

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Hibbard KR, Propst A, Frank DE, Wyse J. Fatalities associated with clozapine-related constipation and bowel obstruction: a literature review and two case reports. Psychosomatics. 2009 Jul-Aug;50(4):416-9. doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.50.4.416. Review. PubMed PMID: 19687183.

Hilger E, Quiner S, Ginzel I, Walter H, Saria L, Barnas C. The effect of orlistat on plasma levels of psychotropic drugs in patients with long-term psychopharmacotherapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Feb;22(1):68-70. PubMed PMID: 11799345.

Huang YJ, Lane HY, Liao CH, Huang CC. Recurrent pancreatitis without eosinophilia on clozapine rechallenge. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Nov 13;33(8):1561-2. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.08.019. Epub 2009 Sep 6. PMID: 19735691.

Hussain A, Burke J. Mirtazapine associated with recurrent pancreatitis – a case report. J Psychopharmacol. 2008 May;22(3):336-7. doi: 10.1177/0269881107081517. PMID: 18208920.

Ingimarsson O, MacCabe JH, Sigurdsson E. Constipation, ileus and medication use during clozapine treatment in patients with schizophrenia in Iceland. Nord J Psychiatry. 2018 Oct;72(7):497-500. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2018.1517189. Epub 2018 Oct 22. PubMed PMID: 30348045.

Jacobson SA. Laboratory Medicine in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science. American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington, DC, 2012.

Jeppsson J, Sjögren J. The influence of food on side effects and absorption of lithium. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1975 May;51(4):285-8. PubMed PMID: 1096537.

Joffe G, Takala P, Tchoukhine E, Hakko H, Raidma M, Putkonen H, Eronen M, Räsänen P. Orlistat in clozapine- or olanzapine-treated patients with overweight or obesity: a 16-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 May;69(5):706-11. PubMed PMID: 18426261.

Kahn D, Bourgeois JA. Acute pancreatitis and diabetic ketoacidosis in a schizophrenic patient taking olanzapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Aug;27(4):397-400. doi: 10.1097/01.jcp.0000264990.93652.80. PMID: 17632228.

Koller EA, Cross JT, Doraiswamy PM, Malozowski SN. Pancreatitis associated with atypical antipsychotics: from the Food and Drug Administration’s MedWatch surveillance system and published reports. Pharmacotherapy. 2003 Sep;23(9):1123-30. doi: 10.1592/phco.23.10.1123.32759. PMID: 14524644.

Kvande KT, Madsen S. Selektive serotoninreopptakshemmere og pankreatitt [Selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and pancreatitis]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2001 Jan 20;121(2):177-8. Norwegian. PMID: 11475194.

Laghate VD, Gupta SB. Acute pancreatitis and diabetic ketoacidosis in non-diabetic person while on treatment with sodium valproate, chlorpromazine and haloperidol. J Assoc Physicians India. 2004 Mar;52:257-8. PMID: 15636323.

Lai SW, Yu CC, Lin CL, Liao KF. The Risk of Acute Pancreatitis and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Use: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Dose Response. 2020 Mar 30;18(1):1559325820902352. doi: 10.1177/1559325820902352. PMID: 32284693; PMCID: PMC7133076.

Lally J, Al Kalbani H, Krivoy A, Murphy KC, Gaughran F, MacCabe JH. Hepatitis, Interstitial Nephritis, and Pancreatitis in Association With Clozapine Treatment: A Systematic Review of Case Series and Reports. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018 Oct;38(5):520-527. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000922. PMID: 30059436.

Lankisch PG, Doobe C, Finger T, Lübbers H, Mahlke R, Brinkmann G, Klöppel G, Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB. Hyperamylasaemia and/or hyperlipasaemia: incidence and underlying causes in hospitalized patients with non-pancreatic diseases. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009;44(2):237-41. doi: 10.1080/00365520802400891. PMID: 18819039.

Lankisch PG, Werner HM. Mirtazapine: another drug responsible for drug-induced acute pancreatitis? A letter of warning. Pancreas. 2003 Mar;26(2):211. doi: 10.1097/00006676-200303000-00021. PMID: 12604923.

Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, Nelson RL. Lactulose versus Polyethylene Glycol for Chronic Constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jul 7;(7):CD007570. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007570.pub2. Review. PubMed PMID: 20614462.

Levin TT, Barrett J, Mendelowitz A. Death from clozapine-induced constipation: case report and literature review. Psychosomatics. 2002 Jan-Feb;43(1):71-3. Review. PubMed PMID: 11927763.

Ljung R, Rück C, Mattsson F, Bexelius TS, Lagergren J, Lindblad M. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of acute pancreatitis: a Swedish population-based case-control study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jun;32(3):336-40. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e318253d71a. PMID: 22544014.

Luykx JJ, Huygh J, Daems J, Schoonheydt K. Fulminante pancreatitis door hypertriglyceridemie bij gebruik van quetiapine [Pancreatitis and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura caused by quetiapine-induced hypertriglyceridemia]. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2018;60(8):552-556. Dutch. PMID: 30132585.

Madsen KR. Fatal hypertriglyceridaemia, acute pancreatitis and diabetic ketoacidosis possibly induced by quetiapine. BMJ Case Rep. 2014 Jan 8;2014:bcr2013202039. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-202039. PMID: 24403385; PMCID: PMC3902488.

McFadden M, Gordon A, Leong G, Ward D, Scott JG. Pancreatitis associated with metformin used for management of clozapine-related weight gain. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2016 Jul;50(7):701-2. doi: 10.1177/0004867416631830. Epub 2016 Feb 16. PMID: 26883571.

Meyer JM, Cummings MA. Lubiprostone for treatment-resistant constipation associated with clozapine use. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014 Jul;130(1):71-2. doi: 10.1111/acps.12259. PubMed PMID: 24912951.

Mohan I, Wendelborn K. Constipation associated with clozapine: need for closer monitoring. Australas Psychiatry. 2016 Feb;24(1):97. doi: 10.1177/1039856215604487. PubMed PMID: 26850951.

Munoz MA, Sathyakumar K, Babu BA. Acute pancreatitis secondary to hypertriglyceridemia. Cleve Clin J Med. 2020 Nov 23;87(12):742-750. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.87a.19156. PMID: 33229390.

Nørgaard M, Jacobsen J, Gasse C, Pedersen L, Mortensen PB, Sørensen HT. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of acute pancreatitis: a population-based case-control study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Jun;27(3):259-62. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e318058a9c3. PMID: 17502772.

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Navarro Dávila MA, Shihadeh LA, Plasencia García I. Mirtazapine-associated pancreatitis. Med Clin (Barc). 2018 Mar 9;150(5):206. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2017.08.006. Epub 2017 Sep 18. PMID: 28923677.

Nielsen J, Correll CU, Manu P, Kane JM. Termination of clozapine treatment due to medical reasons: when is it warranted and how can it be avoided? J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Jun;74(6):603-13; quiz 613. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12r08064. Review. PubMed PMID: 23842012.

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Oke V, Schmidt F, Bhattarai B, Basunia M, Agu C, Kaur A, Enriquez D, Quist J, Salhan D, Gayam V, Mungikar P. Unrecognized clozapine-related constipation leading to fatal intra-abdominal sepsis – a case report. Int Med Case Rep J. 2015 Sep 11;8:189-92. doi: 10.2147/IMCRJ.S86716. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID: 26392790; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4573205.

Persson G. Lithium side effects in relation to dose and to levels and gradients of lithium in plasma. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1977 Mar;55(3):208-13. PubMed PMID: 848339.

Pezzilli R, Melandri R, Barakat B, Broccoli PL, Miglio F. Pancreatic involvement associated with tricyclic overdose. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998 Aug;30(4):418-20. PMID: 9789141.

Poetter CE, Stewart JT. Treatment of clozapine-induced constipation with bethanechol. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Oct;33(5):713-4. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182a1160d. PubMed PMID: 23963061.

Rege S, Lafferty T. Life-threatening constipation associated with clozapine. Australas Psychiatry. 2008 Jun;16(3):216-9. doi: 10.1080/10398560701882203. PubMed PMID: 18568631.

Rizos E, Tournikioti K, Alevyzakis E, Peppa M, Papazaxos K, Zorbas G, Michopoulos I, Liappas I, Papageorgiou C, Douzenis A. Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis Following Olanzapine Treatment and 759C/T Polymorphism of HTR2C Gene: A Case Report. In Vivo. 2015 Sep-Oct;29(5):529-31. PMID: 26359410.

Rompianesi G, Hann A, Komolafe O, Pereira SP, Davidson BR, Gurusamy KS. Serum amylase and lipase and urinary trypsinogen and amylase for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 21;4(4):CD012010. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012010.pub2. PMID: 28431198; PMCID: PMC6478262.

Sagy R, Weizman A, Katz N. Pharmacological and behavioral management of some often-overlooked clozapine-induced side effects. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014 Nov;29(6):313-7. doi: 10.1097/YIC.0000000000000044. Review. PubMed PMID: 24932886.

Sani G, Kotzalidis GD, Simonetti A, Solfanelli A, Mancinelli I, Calabrò G, De Rossi P, De Luca O, Gentile G, Lionetto L, Manfredi G, Girardi N, Ambrosi E, Simmaco M, Tatarelli R. Development of asymptomatic pancreatitis with paradoxically high serum clozapine levels in a patient with schizophrenia and the CYP1A2*1F/1F genotype. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010 Dec;30(6):737-9. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181faa7e3. PMID: 21057239.

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Silva MA, Key S, Han E, Malloy MJ. Acute Pancreatitis Associated With Antipsychotic Medication: Evaluation of Clinical Features, Treatment, and Polypharmacy in a Series of Cases. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Apr;36(2):169-72. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000459. PMID: 26859276.

Smith RC, Southwell-Keely J, Chesher D. Should serum pancreatic lipase replace serum amylase as a biomarker of acute pancreatitis? ANZ J Surg. 2005 Jun;75(6):399-404. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2005.03391.x. PMID: 15943725.

Sommer M, Dieterich A, Krause C, Rüther E, Wiltfang J. Subclinical pancreatitis related to mirtazapine – a case report. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001 Jul;34(4):158-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2001-15877. PMID: 11518479.

Sutton PA, Humes DJ, Purcell G, Smith JK, Whiting F, Wright T, Morgan L, Lobo DN. The role of routine assays of serum amylase and lipase for the diagnosis of acute abdominal pain. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2009 Jul;91(5):381-4. doi: 10.1308/003588409X392135. Epub 2009 Apr 30. PMID: 19409152; PMCID: PMC2758431.

Tchoukhine E, Takala P, Hakko H, Raidma M, Putkonen H, Räsänen P, Terevnikov V, Stenberg JH, Eronen M, Joffe G. Orlistat in clozapine- or olanzapine-treated patients with overweight or obesity: a 16-week open-label extension phase and both phases of a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Mar;72(3):326-30. doi: 10.4088/JCP.09m05283yel. Epub 2010 Aug 24. PubMed PMID: 20816037.

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Treacy J, Williams A, Bais R, Willson K, Worthley C, Reece J, Bessell J, Thomas D. Evaluation of amylase and lipase in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. ANZ J Surg. 2001 Oct;71(10):577-82. doi: 10.1046/j.1445-2197.2001.02220.x. PMID: 11552931.

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Wehmeier PM, Heiser P, Remschmidt H. Pancreatitis followed by pericardial effusion in an adolescent treated with clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003 Feb;23(1):102-3. doi: 10.1097/00004714-200302000-00017. PMID: 12544384.

Whitmyer et al. A comparison of initial duloxetine dosing strategies in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(12):1921-30. PubMed PMID: 18162024.

Woodall BS, DiGregorio RV. Comment: olanzapine-induced acute pancreatitis. Ann Pharmacother. 2001 Apr;35(4):506-8. doi: 10.1345/aph.10076a. PMID: 11302419.

Yang SH, McNeely MJ. Rhabdomyolysis, pancreatitis, and hyperglycemia with ziprasidone. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Aug;159(8):1435. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.8.1435. PMID: 12153844.

Yazdani K, Lippmann M, Gala I. Fatal pancreatitis associated with valproic acid: review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2002 Jul;81(4):305-10. Review. PubMed PMID: 12169885.

Yildiz MI, Karacam Dogan M, Mutlu E, Abdullayeva L, Ozmen F, Ertugrul A. All in One: Clozapine-Associated Acute Pancreatitis With Multiple Organ Involvement. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2021 Mar-Apr 01;41(2):214-216. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001365. PMID: 33587396.

Chapter 10. Genitals/Sexuality

Aizenberg D, Zemishlany Z, Weizman A. Cyproheptadine treatment of sexual dysfunction induced by serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1995 Aug;18(4):320-4. PubMed PMID: 8665544.

Aldemir E, Arici Ş, Umul M, Öztürk U, Aydin HH, Çelebisoy M, Vahip S. Abnormal semen parameters in bipolar men treated with valproate. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2012 Summer;23(2):145-6. PMID: 22826831.

Aldemir M, Keles I, Karalar M, Tecer E, Adalı F, Pektas MB, Parlar AI, Darçın OT. Nebivolol compared with metoprolol for erectile function in males undergoing coronary artery bypass graft. Anatol J Cardiol. 2016 Feb;16(2):131-6. PubMed PMID: 26467373; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5336728.

Alhathal N, Elshal AM, Carrier S. Synergetic effect of testosterone and phophodiesterase-5 inhibitors in hypogonadal men with erectile dysfunction: A systematic review. Can Urol Assoc J. 2012 Aug;6(4):269-74. PubMed PMID: 23093538; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3433544.

Arnott S, Nutt D. Successful treatment of fluvoxamine-induced anorgasmia by cyproheptadine. Br J Psychiatry. 1994 Jun;164(6):838-9. PubMed PMID: 7952994.

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Chapter 11. Blood sugar

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Chapter 12. Liver

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Chapter 13. Mouth

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Chapter 14. Nervous system

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Chapter 15. Pregnancy and lactation

Albertini E, Ernst CL, Tamaroff RS. Psychopharmacological Decision Making in Bipolar Disorder During Pregnancy and Lactation: A Case-by-Case Approach to Using Current Evidence. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2019 Jul;17(3):249-258. doi: 10.1176/appi.focus.20190007. Epub 2019 Jul 16. PMID: 32047370; PMCID: PMC6999216.

Anderson PO, Manoguerra AS, Valdés V. A Review of Adverse Reactions in Infants From Medications in Breastmilk. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2016 Mar;55(3):236-44. doi: 10.1177/0009922815594586. Epub 2015 Jul 13. Review. PubMed PMID: 26170275.

Baker AS, Freeman MP. Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder During Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018 Sep;45(3):495-509. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2018.04.010. PMID: 30092924.

Bardenheier BH, Imperatore G, Gilboa SM, Geiss LS, Saydah SH, Devlin HM, Kim SY, Gregg EW. Trends in Gestational Diabetes Among Hospital Deliveries in 19 U.S. States, 2000-2010. Am J Prev Med. 2015 Jul;49(1):12-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.026. PMID: 26094225; PMCID: PMC4532269.

Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009 May 23;373(9677):1773-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60731-5. PMID: 19465232.

Bello G, Poirier J, Sharkey KM. Successful lactation after resuming methylphenidate in a woman with narcolepsy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022 Jul 1;18(7):1891-1894. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.10018. PMID: 35404225; PMCID: PMC9243286.

Belzeaux R, Sanguinetti C, Murru A, Verdolini N, Pacchiarotti I, Hidalgo-Mazzei D, Cohen L, Anmella G, Barbuti M, Vieta E, Llorca PM, Samalin L. Pharmacotherapy for the peripartum management of bipolar disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019 Oct;20(14):1731-1741. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1626826. Epub 2019 Jun 10. PMID: 31159601.

Bentley-Lewis R. Gestational diabetes mellitus: an opportunity of a lifetime. Lancet. 2009 May 23;373(9677):1738-40. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60958-2. PMID: 19465213; PMCID: PMC4098928.

Berle JO, Spigset O. Antidepressant Use During Breastfeeding. Curr Womens Health Rev. 2011 Feb;7(1):28-34. doi: 10.2174/157340411794474784. PMID: 22299006; PMCID: PMC3267169.

Birnbaum AK, Meador KJ, Karanam A, Brown C, May RC, Gerard EE, Gedzelman ER, Penovich PE, Kalayjian LA, Cavitt J, Pack AM, Miller JW, Stowe ZN, Pennell PB; MONEAD Investigator Group. Antiepileptic Drug Exposure in Infants of Breastfeeding Mothers With Epilepsy. JAMA Neurol. 2020 Apr 1;77(4):441-450. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4443. PMID: 31886825; PMCID: PMC6990802.

Bolea-Alamanac BM, Green A, Verma G, Maxwell P, Davies SJ. Methylphenidate use in pregnancy and lactation: a systematic review of evidence. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014 Jan;77(1):96-101. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12138. PMID: 23593966; PMCID: PMC3895350.

Clark CT. Psychotropic drug use in perinatal women with bipolar disorder. Semin Perinatol. 2020 Apr;44(3):151230. doi: 10.1016/j.semperi.2020.151230. Epub 2020 Jan 25. PMID: 32151481.

Clark CT, Klein AM, Perel JM, Helsel J, Wisner KL. Lamotrigine dosing for pregnant patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2013 Nov;170(11):1240-7. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13010006. PMID: 24185239; PMCID: PMC4154145.

Clark CT, Wisner KL. Treatment of Peripartum Bipolar Disorder. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018 Sep;45(3):403-417. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2018.05.002. PMID: 30092918; PMCID: PMC6548543.

Cohen LS, Church TR, Freeman MP, Gaccione P, Caplin PS, Kobylski LA, Arakelian M, Rossa ET, Chitayat D, Hernández-Díaz S, Viguera AC. Reproductive Safety of Lurasidone and Quetiapine: Update from the National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Medications. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2023 Apr;32(4):452-462. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2022.0310. Epub 2023 Jan 30. PMID: 36716275.

Collin-Lévesque L, El-Ghaddaf Y, Genest M, Jutras M, Leclair G, Weisskopf E, Panchaud A, Ferreira E. Infant Exposure to Methylphenidate and Duloxetine During Lactation. Breastfeed Med. 2018 Apr;13(3):221-225. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2017.0126. Epub 2018 Feb 27. PMID: 29485905.

Cooper WO. Shedding Light on the Risks of Methylphenidate and Amphetamine in Pregnancy. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Feb 1;75(2):127-128. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3882. PMID: 29238801.

Cuomo A, Maina G, Neal SM, De Montis G, Rosso G, Scheggi S, Beccarini Crescenzi B, Bolognesi S, Goracci A, Coluccia A, Ferretti F, Fagiolini A. Using sertraline in postpartum and breastfeeding: balancing risks and benefits. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2018 Jul;17(7):719-725. doi: 10.1080/14740338.2018.1491546. Epub 2018 Jul 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 29927667.

Datta P, Baker T, Hale TW. Balancing the Use of Medications While Maintaining Breastfeeding. Clin Perinatol. 2019 Jun;46(2):367-382. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2019.02.007. Epub 2019 Apr 1. Review. PubMed PMID: 31010565.

Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Arnon J, Wajnberg R, Borisch C, Beck E, Richardson JL, Bozzo P, Nulman I, Ornoy A. Methylphenidate in Pregnancy: A Multicenter, Prospective, Comparative, Observational Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;77(9):1176-1181. doi: 10.4088/JCP.15m10083. PMID: 27232650.

Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Zvi N, Finkel-Pekarsky V, Ornoy A. Is it safe to use lamotrigine during pregnancy? A prospective comparative observational study. Birth Defects Res. 2017 Jun 28. PubMed PMID: 28657171.

Dolk H, Wang H, Loane M, Morris J, Garne E, Addor MC, Arriola L, Bakker M, Barisic I, Doray B, Gatt M, Kallen K, Khoshnood B, Klungsoyr K, Lahesmaa-Korpinen AM, Latos-Bielenska A, Mejnartowicz JP, Nelen V, Neville A, O’Mahony M, Pierini A, Rißmann A, Tucker D, Wellesley D, Wiesel A, de Jong-van den Berg LT. Lamotrigine use in pregnancy and risk of orofacial cleft and other congenital anomalies. Neurology. 2016 May 3;86(18):1716-25. PubMed PMID: 27053714; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4854591.

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Fotopoulou C, Kretz R, Bauer S, Schefold JC, Schmitz B, Dudenhausen JW, Henrich W. Prospectively assessed changes in lamotrigine-concentration in women with epilepsy during pregnancy, lactation and the neonatal period. Epilepsy Res. 2009 Jul;85(1):60-4. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.02.011. Epub 2009 Mar 9. PMID: 19272754.

Fortinguerra F, Clavenna A, Bonati M. Psychotropic drug use during breastfeeding: a review of the evidence. Pediatrics. 2009 Oct;124(4):e547-56. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-0326. Epub 2009 Sep 7. PMID: 19736267.

Graham RK, Tavella G, Parker GB. Is there consensus across international evidence-based guidelines for the psychotropic drug management of bipolar disorder during the perinatal period? J Affect Disord. 2018 Mar 1;228:216-221. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.022. Epub 2017 Dec 12. PMID: 29274567.

Hackett LP, Kristensen JH, Hale TW, Paterson R, Ilett KF. Methylphenidate and breast-feeding. Ann Pharmacother. 2006 Oct;40(10):1890-1. doi: 10.1345/aph.1H159. Epub 2006 Aug 29. PMID: 16940409.

Hogan CS, Freeman MP. Adverse Effects in the Pharmacologic Management of Bipolar Disorder During Pregnancy. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016 Sep;39(3):465-75. Review. PubMed PMID: 27514299.

Huybrechts KF, Bröms G, Christensen LB, Einarsdóttir K, Engeland A, Furu K, Gissler M, Hernandez-Diaz S, Karlsson P, Karlstad Ø, Kieler H, Lahesmaa-Korpinen AM, Mogun H, Nørgaard M, Reutfors J, Sørensen HT, Zoega H, Bateman BT. Association Between Methylphenidate and Amphetamine Use in Pregnancy and Risk of Congenital Malformations: A Cohort Study From the International Pregnancy Safety Study Consortium. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Feb 1;75(2):167-175. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3644. PMID: 29238795; PMCID: PMC5838573.

Kacirova I, Grundmann M, Brozmanova H. A Short Communication: Lamotrigine Levels in Milk, Mothers, and Breastfed Infants During the First Postnatal Month. Ther Drug Monit. 2019 Jun;41(3):401-404. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000604. PMID: 30688868.

Kacirova I, Grundmann M, Brozmanova H. Monitoring of lamotrigine concentrations in mothers, colostrum, and breastfed newborns during the early postpartum period. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022 Jul;151:113167. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113167. Epub 2022 May 24. PMID: 35617804.

Karanam A, Pennell PB, French JA, Harden CL, Allien S, Lau C, Barnard S, Callisto SP, Birnbaum AK. Lamotrigine clearance increases by 5 weeks gestational age: Relationship to estradiol concentrations and gestational age. Ann Neurol. 2018 Oct;84(4):556-563. doi: 10.1002/ana.25321. Epub 2018 Oct 11. PMID: 30168175.

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Khan SJ, Fersh ME, Ernst C, Klipstein K, Albertini ES, Lusskin SI. Bipolar Disorder in Pregnancy and Postpartum: Principles of Management. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016 Feb;18(2):13. doi: 10.1007/s11920-015-0658-x. PMID: 26781551.

Kohn E, Dinavitser N, Berlin M, Brandriss N, Bar-Chaim A, Gueta I, Keidar R, Livne A, Stepensky D, Berkovitch M, Masarwi M. Magnitude of Lamotrigine Exposure Through Breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med. 2022 Apr;17(4):341-348. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2021.0304. Epub 2022 Jan 19. PMID: 35049332.

Kolding L, Ehrenstein V, Pedersen L, Sandager P, Petersen OB, Uldbjerg N, Pedersen LH. Associations Between ADHD Medication Use in Pregnancy and Severe Malformations Based on Prenatal and Postnatal Diagnoses: A Danish Registry-Based Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2021 Jan 5;82(1):20m13458. doi: 10.4088/JCP.20m13458. PMID: 33406323.

Kong L, Zhou T, Wang B, Gao Z, Wang C. The risks associated with the use of lamotrigine during pregnancy. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2017 Jun 28:1-4. PubMed PMID: 28657488.

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Kronenfeld N, Berlin M, Shaniv D, Berkovitch M. Use of Psychotropic Medications in Breastfeeding Women. Birth Defects Res. 2017 Jul 17;109(12):957-997. doi: 10.1002/bdr2.1077. Review. PubMed PMID: 28714610.

Kronenfeld N, Ziv Baran T, Berlin M, Karra N, Dinavitser N, Cohen R, Wiener Y, Schwartzberg E, Berkovitch M. Chronic use of psychotropic medications in breastfeeding women: Is it safe? PLoS One. 2018 May 21;13(5):e0197196. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197196. eCollection 2018. Erratum in: PLoS One. 2018 Jun 25;13(6):e0199906. PubMed PMID: 29782546; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5962050.

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Veroniki AA, Cogo E, Rios P, Straus SE, Finkelstein Y, Kealey R, Reynen E, Soobiah C, Thavorn K, Hutton B, Hemmelgarn BR, Yazdi F, D’Souza J, MacDonald H, Tricco AC. Comparative safety of anti-epileptic drugs during pregnancy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of congenital malformations and prenatal outcomes. BMC Med. 2017 May 5;15(1):95. PubMed PMID: 28472982; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5418725.

Wang ML, Tao YY, Sun XY, Guo Y, Wang ZY, Cao YF, Zhao L. Estrogen profile- and pharmacogenetics-based lamotrigine dosing regimen optimization: Recommendations for pregnant women with epilepsy. Pharmacol Res. 2021 Jul;169:105610. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105610. Epub 2021 Apr 20. PMID: 33857625.

Weston J, Bromley R, Jackson CF, Adab N, Clayton-Smith J, Greenhalgh J, Hounsome J, McKay AJ, Tudur Smith C, Marson AG. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Nov 7;11:CD010224. Review. PubMed PMID: 27819746.

Wisner KL. The last therapeutic orphan: the pregnant woman. Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;169(6):554-6. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12030367. PMID: 22684589; PMCID: PMC7143267.

Wisner KL, Stika CS, Watson K. Pregnant women are still therapeutic orphans. World Psychiatry. 2020 Oct;19(3):329-330. doi: 10.1002/wps.20776. PMID: 32931103; PMCID: PMC7491609.

Yashima K, Obara T, Matsuzaki F, Suzuki C, Saeki M, Koyama M, Hosono M, Noda A, Kikuchi S, Hoshiai T, Sato S, Saito M, Hanita T, Mano N. Evaluation of the Safety of Taking Lamotrigine During Lactation Period. Breastfeed Med. 2021 May;16(5):432-438. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2020.0210. Epub 2021 Apr 5. PMID: 33819427.

Chapter 16. Psychiatric side effects

Aşçibaşi K, Çökmüş FP, Dikici DS, Özkan HM, Alçi D, Altunsoy N, Kuru E, Yüzeren S, Aydemir Ö. Evaluation of Emotional Adverse Effects of Antidepressants: A Follow-up Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020 Nov/Dec;40(6):594-598. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001300. PMID: 33065720.

Al Awami R, Albanna A. Sedation After a Trial of Mixed Amphetamine Salts in a Boy with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Am J Case Rep. 2020 Dec 17;21:e928269. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.928269. PMID: 33328428; PMCID: PMC7750908.

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Chapter 18. Sleep

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Chapter 19. Toxicity

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Chapter 20. Urinary System

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Smith LM, Gallagher JC. Reference range for 24-h urine calcium, calcium/creatinine ratio, and correlations with calcium absorption and serum vitamin D metabolites in normal women. Osteoporos Int. 2021 Mar;32(3):539-547. doi: 10.1007/s00198-020-05615-6. Epub 2020 Sep 4. PMID: 32886188; PMCID: PMC8451703.

Taheri M, Tavasoli S, Shokrzadeh F, Amiri FB, Basiri A. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on 24-hour urine calcium in patients with calcium Urolithiasis and vitamin D deficiency. Int Braz J Urol. 2019 Mar-Apr;45(2):340-346. doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2018.0522. PMID: 30735332; PMCID: PMC6541149.

Topamax. Prescribing Information. https://www.janssenlabels.com/package-insert/product-monograph/prescribing-information/TOPAMAX-pi.pdf

Tredget J, Kirov A, Kirov G. Effects of chronic lithium treatment on renal function. J Affect Disord. 2010 Nov;126(3):436-40. PubMed PMID: 20483164.

Trepiccione F, Christensen BM. Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: new clinical and experimental findings. J Nephrol. 2010 Nov-Dec;23 Suppl 16:S43-8. PubMed PMID: 21170888.

Whiskey E, Taylor D. A review of the adverse effects and safety of noradrenergic antidepressants. J Psychopharmacol. 2013 Aug;27(8):732-9. doi: 10.1177/0269881113492027. Epub 2013 Jun 19. PMID: 23784737.

Chapter 21. Weight

American Diabetes Association; American Psychiatric Association; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;65(2):267-72. PubMed PMID: 15003083.

Anagnostou E, Aman MG, Handen BL, Sanders KB, Shui A, Hollway JA, Brian J, Arnold LE, Capano L, Hellings JA, Butter E, Mankad D, Tumuluru R, Kettel J, Newsom CR, Hadjiyannakis S, Peleg N, Odrobina D, McAuliffe-Bellin S, Zakroysky P, Marler S, Wagner A, Wong T, Macklin EA, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. Metformin for Treatment of Overweight Induced by Atypical Antipsychotic Medication in Young People With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Sep 1;73(9):928-37. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1232. Erratum in: JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Dec 1;73(12):1295. PubMed PMID: 27556593. N=60 who received at least one dose of metformin.

Andrade C. Metformin as a Possible Intervention for Cardiometabolic Risks in Pediatric Subjects Exposed to Antipsychotic Drugs. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Oct;77(10):1362-1364. PubMed PMID: 27788311.

Andrade C. Use of Metformin for Cardiometabolic Risks in Psychiatric Practice: Need-to-Know Safety Issues. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Nov;77(11):e1491-e1494. PubMed PMID: 28076676.

Basile VS, Masellis M, McIntyre RS, Meltzer HY, Lieberman JA, Kennedy JL. Genetic dissection of atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain: novel preliminary data on the pharmacogenetic puzzle. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62 Suppl 23:45-66. Review. PubMed PMID: 11603885.

Bauman WA, Shaw S, Jayatilleke E, Spungen AM, Herbert V. Increased intake of calcium reverses vitamin B12 malabsorption induced by metformin. Diabetes Care. 2000 Sep;23(9):1227-31. PubMed PMID: 10977010.

Bidlack JM, Knapp BI, Deaver DR, Plotnikava M, Arnelle D, Wonsey AM, Fern Toh M, Pin SS, Namchuk MN. In Vitro Pharmacological Characterization of Buprenorphine, Samidorphan, and Combinations Being Developed as an Adjunctive Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2018 Nov;367(2):267-281. doi: 10.1124/jpet.118.249839. Epub 2018 Aug 14. PMID: 30108159.

Bouillon R, Carmeliet G. Vitamin D insufficiency: Definition, diagnosis and management. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Oct;32(5):669-684. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.09.014. Epub 2018 Oct 3. PMID: 30449548.

Buchanan RW. How Much of an Advance Is the Addition of Samidorphan to Olanzapine? Am J Psychiatry. 2020 Dec 1;177(12):1113-1114. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20091425. PMID: 33256454.

Buckland PR, Hoogendoorn B, Guy CA, Smith SK, Coleman SL, O’Donovan MC. Low gene expression conferred by association of an allele of the 5-HT2C receptor gene with antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;162(3):613-5. PubMed PMID: 15741483.

Bushe CJ, Slooff CJ, Haddad PM, Karagianis JL. Weight change from 3-year observational data: findings from the worldwide schizophrenia outpatient health outcomes database. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;73(6):e749-55. PubMed PMID: 22795214.

Cao Y, Liu XM. Should we still be concerned about the potential side effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on thyroid C cells? Endocrine. 2015 Feb;48(1):47-52. doi: 10.1007/s12020-014-0354-3. Epub 2014 Jul 18. PMID: 25033998.

Chaudhary AMD, Khan MF, Dhillon SS, Naveed S. A Review of Samidorphan: A Novel Opioid Antagonist. Cureus. 2019 Jul 15;11(7):e5139. doi: 10.7759/cureus.5139. PMID: 31523568; PMCID: PMC6741386.

Chen CH, Huang MC, Kao CF, Lin SK, Kuo PH, Chiu CC, Lu ML. Effects of adjunctive metformin on metabolic traits in nondiabetic clozapine-treated patients with schizophrenia and the effect of metformin discontinuation on body weight: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 May;74(5):e424-30. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12m08186. PubMed PMID: 23759461.

Citrome L, Graham C, Simmons A, Jiang Y, Todtenkopf MS, Silverman B, DiPetrillo L, Cummings H, Sun L, McDonnell D. An Evidence-Based Review of OLZ/SAM for Treatment of Adults with Schizophrenia or Bipolar I Disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021 Sep 9;17:2885-2904. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S313840. Erratum in: Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021 Oct 15;17:3135-3136. PMID: 34526769; PMCID: PMC8437420.

Correll CU, Malhotra AK. Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Aug;174(4):477-89. Epub 2004 Jul 8. Review. PubMed PMID: 15243737.

Correll CU, Manu P, Olshanskiy V, Napolitano B, Kane JM, Malhotra AK. Cardiometabolic risk of second-generation antipsychotic medications during first-time use in children and adolescents. JAMA. 2009 Oct 28;302(16):1765-73. Erratum in: JAMA. 2009 Dec 2;302(21):2322. PubMed PMID: 19861668; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3055794.

Correll CU, Sikich L, Reeves G, Riddle M. Metformin for antipsychotic-related weight gain and metabolic abnormalities: when, for whom, and for how long? Am J Psychiatry. 2013 Sep;170(9):947-52. PubMed PMID: 24030606.

Coughlin M, Goldie CL, Tranmer J, Khalid-Khan S, Tregunno D. Patient, Treatment, and Health Care Utilization Variables Associated with Adherence to Metabolic Monitoring Practices in Children and Adolescents Taking Second-Generation Antipsychotics. Can J Psychiatry. 2018 Apr;63(4):240-249. PubMed PMID: 29528720; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5894916.

Cunningham JI, Eyerman DJ, Todtenkopf MS, Dean RL, Deaver DR, Sanchez C, Namchuk M. Samidorphan mitigates olanzapine-induced weight gain and metabolic dysfunction in rats and non-human primates. J Psychopharmacol. 2019 Oct;33(10):1303-1316. doi: 10.1177/0269881119856850. Epub 2019 Jul 11. PMID: 31294646; PMCID: PMC6764014.

de Silva VA, Suraweera C, Ratnatunga SS, Dayabandara M, Wanniarachchi N, Hanwella R. Metformin in prevention and treatment of antipsychotic induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Oct 3;16(1):341. Review. PubMed PMID: 27716110; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5048618.

Das N, Faheem A, Shoib S. The Facts and Fiction of Olanzapine-Samidorphan Fixed Dose Combination. Alpha Psychiatry. 2022 Jul 1;23(4):210-211. doi: 10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2022.22881. PMID: 36425742; PMCID: PMC9590684.

Dhamane AD, Martin BC, Brixner DI, Hudson TJ, Said Q. Metabolic monitoring of patients prescribed second-generation antipsychotics. J Psychiatr Pract. 2013 Sep;19(5):360-74. PubMed PMID: 24042242. American Diabetes Association; American Psychiatric Association; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;65(2):267-72. PubMed PMID: 15003083.

Edwards JB, Satlin A, Durgam S, Davis RE, Chen R, Mates S, Correll CU. Cardiometabolic Safety of Lumateperone (ITI-007): Post Hoc Analyses of Short-Term Randomized Trials and an Open-Label Long-Term Study in Schizophrenia. CNS Spectr. 2021 Apr;26(2):152. doi: 10.1017/S1092852920002436. PMID: 34127092. Poster available at: https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/pcn/posters/cardiometabolic-safety-lumateperone-iti-007-post-hoc-analyses-short-term-randomized-trials. Accessed June 20, 2022.

Eisner BH, Thavaseelan S, Sheth S, Haleblian G, Pareek G. Relationship between serum vitamin D and 24-hour urine calcium in patients with nephrolithiasis. Urology. 2012 Nov;80(5):1007-10. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.04.041. Epub 2012 Jun 13. PMID: 22698470. This reference was not used in the article on this webpage.

Ellinger LK, Ipema HJ, Stachnik JM. Efficacy of metformin and topiramate in prevention and treatment of second-generation antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Apr;44(4):668-79. Review. PubMed PMID: 20233913.

Featherston EL, Dihigo S, Gilder RE. Improving Adherence to Atypical Antipsychotic Agent Screening Guidelines in Pediatric Patients: A Quality Improvement Project Within an Integrated Community Mental Health Setting. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2018 Jul/Aug;24(4):352-359. PubMed PMID: 29357722.

Ferraro PM, Taylor EN, Gambaro G, Curhan GC. Vitamin D Intake and the Risk of Incident Kidney Stones. J Urol. 2017 Feb;197(2):405-410. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.08.084. Epub 2016 Aug 18. PMID: 27545576; PMCID: PMC5241241.

Funch D, Mortimer K, Ziyadeh NJ, D Seeger J, Zhou L, Ng E, Ross D, Major-Pedersen A, Bosch-Traberg H, Gydesen H, Dore DD. Risk of Thyroid Cancer Associated with Use of Liraglutide and Other Antidiabetic Drugs in a US Commercially Insured Population. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2021 Jun 10;14:2619-2629. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S305496. PMID: 34140791; PMCID: PMC8203194.

Glucophage. Prescribing Information. https://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_glucophage.pdf

Goltz JS, Rice TR. Commentary: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Metformin Treatment of Weight Gain Associated with Initiation of Atypical Antipsychotic Therapy in Children and Adolescents. Front Psychiatry. 2017 Apr 19;8:59. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00059. eCollection 2017. PubMed PMID: 28469583; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5395636. Commentary on Klein et al. (2006).

Grădinaru RC, Andreescu NI, Nussbaum LA, Farcaş SS, Dumitraşcu V, Suciu L, Puiu M. -759C÷T polymorphism of the HTR2C gene is not correlated with atypical antipsychotics-induced weight gain, among Romanian psychotic patients. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2016;57(4):1343-1349. PubMed PMID: 28174802.

Greg Deardorff O, Syed A, Ames CJ, Yaeger JS. Ranitidine, metformin, and topiramate: managing weight gain in a clozapine-treated patient with schizoaffective disorder. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2014;16(3). pii: PCC.13l01598. PubMed PMID: 25317361; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4195633.

Gressier F, Porcelli S, Calati R, Serretti A. Pharmacogenetics of clozapine response and induced weight gain: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016 Feb;26(2):163-85. PubMed PMID: 26792444.

Gunes A, Melkersson KI, Scordo MG, Dahl ML. Association between HTR2C and HTR2A polymorphisms and metabolic abnormalities in patients treated with olanzapine or clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Feb;29(1):65-8. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31819302c3. PubMed PMID: 19142110.

Guo Z, L’italien GJ, Jing Y, Baker RA, Forbes RA, Hebden T, Kim E. A real-world data analysis of dose effect of second-generation antipsychotic therapy on hemoglobin A1C level. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jul 1;35(5):1326-32. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.03.020. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21515328.

Halford JC, Harrold JA. 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists and the control of appetite. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2012;(209):349-56. PubMed PMID: 22249823.

Handen BL, Anagnostou E, Aman MG, Sanders KB, Chan J, Hollway JA, Brian J, Arnold LE, Capano L, Williams C, Hellings JA, Butter E, Mankad D, Tumuluru R, Kettel J, Newsom CR, Peleg N, Odrobina D, McAuliffe-Bellin S, Marler S, Wong T, Wagner A, Hadjiyannakis S, Macklin EA, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Metformin for the Treatment of Overweight Induced by Antipsychotic Medication in Young People With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Open-Label Extension. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017 Oct;56(10):849-856.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.07.790. Epub 2017 Aug 19. PubMed PMID: 28942807.

Hasnain M, Vieweg WV. Antipsychotic drug-treated patients best suited for metformin therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013 Dec;128(6):488-9. PubMed PMID: 23659558.

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Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Blanchette P, Bonds DE, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Cauley JA, Chlebowski RT, Cummings SR, Granek I, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen JM, Kuller LH, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Limacher MC, Ludlam S, Manson JE, Margolis KL, McGowan J, Ockene JK, O’Sullivan MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wactawski-Wende J, Whitlock E, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Barad D; Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med. 2006 Feb 16;354(7):669-83. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa055218. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2006 Mar 9;354(10):1102. PMID: 16481635.

Jarskog LF, Hamer RM, Catellier DJ, Stewart DD, Lavange L, Ray N, Golden LH, Lieberman JA, Stroup TS; METS Investigators. Metformin for weight loss and metabolic control in overweight outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2013 Sep;170(9):1032-40. PubMed PMID: 23846733; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3874085.

Jawad MY, Alnefeesi Y, Lui LMW, Ceban F, Chen-Li DCJ, Teopiz K, Jaberi S, Gillissie ES, Vincenzo JDD, Rosenblat JD, McIntyre RS. Olanzapine and samidorphan combination treatment: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2022 Mar 15;301:99-106. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.004. Epub 2022 Jan 7. Erratum in: J Affect Disord. 2022 Feb 15;: PMID: 35007644. This paper was not considered in this article because it included open-label extension studies in which there was no comparator.

Jeong SH, Lee NY, Kim SH, Chung IW, Youn T, Kang UG, Ahn YM, You HY, Kim YS. Long-Term Evolution of Metabolic Status in Patients with Schizophrenia Stably Maintained on Second-Generation Antipsychotics. Psychiatry Investig. 2018 Jun;15(6):628-637. PubMed PMID: 29940717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6018140. Small study. Participants had to have already been on the antipsychotic for at least one year. Weight gain did not plateau. Hasnain M, Vieweg WV. Antipsychotic drug-treated patients best suited for metformin therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013 Dec;128(6):488-9. PubMed PMID: 23659558.

Jung HN, Jung CH. The Upcoming Weekly Tides (Semaglutide vs. Tirzepatide) against Obesity: STEP or SURPASS? J Obes Metab Syndr. 2022 Mar 30;31(1):28-36. doi: 10.7570/jomes22012. PMID: 35314521; PMCID: PMC8987449.

Kahn RS, Kane JM, Correll CU, Arevalo C, Simmons A, Graham C, Yagoda S, Hu B, McDonnell D. Olanzapine/Samidorphan in Young Adults With Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, or Bipolar I Disorder Who Are Early in Their Illness: Results of the Randomized, Controlled ENLIGHTEN-Early Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2023 Mar 22;84(3):22m14674. doi: 10.4088/JCP.22m14674. PMID: 36946605.

Kahn RS, Silverman BL, DiPetrillo L, Graham C, Jiang Y, Yin J, Simmons A, Bhupathi V, Yu B, Yagoda S, Hopkinson C, McDonnell D. A phase 3, multicenter study to assess the 1-year safety and tolerability of a combination of olanzapine and samidorphan in patients with schizophrenia: Results from the ENLIGHTEN-2 long-term extension. Schizophr Res. 2021 Jun;232:45-53. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.04.009. Epub 2021 May 17. PMID: 34015555.

Kancherla V, Elliott JL Jr, Patel BB, Holland NW, Johnson TM 2nd, Khakharia A, Phillips LS, Oakley GP Jr, Vaughan CP. Long-term Metformin Therapy and Monitoring for Vitamin B12 Deficiency Among Older Veterans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Feb 9. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14761. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28182265.

Kancherla V, Garn JV, Zakai NA, Williamson RS, Cashion WT, Odewole O, Judd SE, Oakley GP Jr. Multivitamin Use and Serum Vitamin B12 Concentrations in Older-Adult Metformin Users in REGARDS, 2003-2007. PLoS One. 2016 Aug 11;11(8):e0160802. PubMed PMID: 27513580; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4981300.

Kang SH, Lee JI, Han HR, Soh M, Hong JP. Polymorphisms of the leptin and HTR2C genes and clozapine-induced weight change and baseline BMI in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet. 2014 Dec;24(6):249-56. PubMed PMID: 25304226.

Kannan S, Nasr C. Should we be concerned about thyroid cancer in patients taking glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists? Cleve Clin J Med. 2015 Mar;82(3):142-4. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.81a.13066. PMID: 25932736.

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Liu Q, Li S, Quan H, Li J. Vitamin B12 status in metformin treated patients: systematic review. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 24;9(6):e100379. PubMed PMID: 24959880; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4069007.

Lumateperone (Caplyta®). Prescribing Information. https://www.intracellulartherapies.com/docs/caplyta_pi.pdf

Lybalvi™ (olanzapine and samidorphan). Prescribing information. https://www.lybalvi.com/lybalvi-prescribing-information.pdf

Ma X, Maimaitirexiati T, Zhang R, Gui X, Zhang W, Xu G, Hu G. HTR2C polymorphisms, olanzapine-induced weight gain and antipsychotic-induced metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients: a meta-analysis. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2014 Oct;18(4):229-42. PubMed PMID: 25152019.

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Mahapatra MK, Karuppasamy M, Sahoo BM. Therapeutic Potential of Semaglutide, a Newer GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, in Abating Obesity, Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Neurodegenerative diseases: A Narrative Review. Pharm Res. 2022 Jun;39(6):1233-1248. doi: 10.1007/s11095-022-03302-1. Epub 2022 Jun 1. PMID: 35650449; PMCID: PMC9159769.

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Martin WF, Correll CU, Weiden PJ, Jiang Y, Pathak S, DiPetrillo L, Silverman BL, Ehrich EW. Mitigation of Olanzapine-Induced Weight Gain With Samidorphan, an Opioid Antagonist: A Randomized Double-Blind Phase 2 Study in Patients With Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2019 Jun 1;176(6):457-467. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18030280. Epub 2019 Mar 8. PMID: 30845818.

McDougle CJ. Atypical Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain in Children and Adolescents: Sometimes Less Is More. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Sep 1;73(9):899-901. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1213. PubMed PMID: 27556412. Editorial commenting on Anagnostou et al. (2016).

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O’Neil PM, Birkenfeld AL, McGowan B, Mosenzon O, Pedersen SD, Wharton S, Carson CG, Jepsen CH, Kabisch M, Wilding JPH. Efficacy and safety of semaglutide compared with liraglutide and placebo for weight loss in patients with obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active controlled, dose-ranging, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2018 Aug 25;392(10148):637-649. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31773-2. Epub 2018 Aug 16. PMID: 30122305.

Opgen-Rhein C, Brandl EJ, Müller DJ, Neuhaus AH, Tiwari AK, Sander T, Dettling M. Association of HTR2C, but not LEP or INSIG2, genes with antipsychotic-induced weight gain in a German sample. Pharmacogenomics. 2010 Jun;11(6):773-80. doi: 10.2217/pgs.10.50. PubMed PMID: 20504252.

Osborn DP, Petersen I, Beckley N, Walters K, Nazareth I, Hayes J. Weight change over two years in people prescribed olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone in UK primary care: Cohort study in THIN, a UK primary care database. J Psychopharmacol. 2018 Jun 1:269881118780011. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29938561.

Park YM, Cho JH, Kang SG, Choi JE, Lee SH, Kim L, Lee HJ. Lack of association between the -759C/T polymorphism of the 5-HT2C receptor gene and olanzapine-induced weight gain among Korean schizophrenic patients. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2008 Feb;33(1):55-60. PubMed PMID: 18211617.

Parry-Strong A, Langdana F, Haeusler S, Weatherall M, Krebs J. Sublingual vitamin B12 compared to intramuscular injection in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin: a randomised trial. N Z Med J. 2016 Jun 10;129(1436):67-75. PubMed PMID: 27355231.

Pathak S, Vince B, Kelsh D, Setnik B, Nangia N, DiPetrillo L, Puhl MD, Sun L, Stanford AD, Ehrich E. Abuse Potential of Samidorphan: A Phase I, Oxycodone-, Pentazocine-, Naltrexone-, and Placebo-Controlled Study. J Clin Pharmacol. 2019 Feb;59(2):218-228. doi: 10.1002/jcph.1343. Epub 2018 Nov 26. PMID: 30476361.

Patoulias D, Papadopoulos C, Kassimis G, Fragakis N, Doumas M. Meta-Analysis Assessing the Cardiovascular Safety of Semaglutide for the Treatment of Overweight or Obesity. Am J Cardiol. 2022 Jul 15;175:182-184. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.04.030. Epub 2022 May 19. PMID: 35599190.

Perahia DG, Pritchett YL, Kajdasz DK, Bauer M, Jain R, Russell JM, Walker DJ, Spencer KA, Froud DM, Raskin J, Thase ME. A randomized, double-blind comparison of duloxetine and venlafaxine in the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2008 Jan;42(1):22-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.01.008. Epub 2007 Apr 18. PMID: 17445831.

Peter R, Bain SC. Safety of injectable semaglutide for type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2020 Jul;19(7):785-798. doi: 10.1080/14740338.2020.1772230. Epub 2020 Jun 4. PMID: 32428416.

Potkin SG, Kunovac J, Silverman BL, Simmons A, Jiang Y, DiPetrillo L, McDonnell D. Efficacy and Safety of a Combination of Olanzapine and Samidorphan in Adult Patients With an Acute Exacerbation of Schizophrenia: Outcomes From the Randomized, Phase 3 ENLIGHTEN-1 Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020 Mar 3;81(2):19m12769. doi: 10.4088/JCP.19m12769. PMID: 32141723.

Pringsheim T, Panagiotopoulos C, Davidson J, Ho J; CAMESA guideline group. Evidence-based recommendations for monitoring safety of second generation antipsychotics in children and youth. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011Aug;20(3):218-33. Erratum in: J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 August;20(3):1–2.. PubMed PMID: 21804853; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3143700.

Reeves GM, Keeton C, Correll CU, Johnson JL, Hamer RM, Sikich L, Hazzard L, Alderman C, Scheer A, Mabe M, Kapoor S, Sheridan E, Borner I, Bussell K, Pirmohamed S, Bethea TC, Chekuri R, Gottfried R, Reinblatt SP, Santana E, Riddle MA. Improving metabolic parameters of antipsychotic child treatment (IMPACT) study: rationale, design, and methods. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2013 Aug 15;7(1):31. doi: 10.1186/1753-2000-7-31. PubMed PMID: 23947389; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3846140. Results for this study have been posted at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT00806234

Reynolds GP, Hill MJ, Kirk SL. The 5-HT2C receptor and antipsychotic induced weight gain – mechanisms and genetics. J Psychopharmacol. 2006 Jul;20(4 Suppl):15-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 16785265.

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Reynolds GP, Zhang ZJ, Zhang XB. Association of antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain with a 5-HT2C receptor gene polymorphism. Lancet. 2002 Jun 15;359(9323):2086-7. PubMed PMID: 12086765.

Reynolds GP. Pharmacogenetic Aspects of Antipsychotic Drug-induced Weight Gain – A Critical Review. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2012 Aug;10(2):71-7. PubMed PMID: 23431082; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3569150.

Ryu S, Cho EY, Park T, Oh S, Jang WS, Kim SK, Lee D, Hong KS. -759 C/T polymorphism of 5-HT2C receptor gene and early phase weight gain associated with antipsychotic drug treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Apr 13;31(3):673-7. Epub 2007 Jan 12. PubMed PMID: 17275977.

Salviato Balbão M, Cecílio Hallak JE, Arcoverde Nunes E, Homem de Mello M, Triffoni-Melo Ade T, Ferreira FI, Chaves C, Durão AM, Ramos AP, de Souza Crippa JA, Queiroz RH. Olanzapine, weight change and metabolic effects: a naturalistic 12-month follow up. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2014 Feb;4(1):30-6. PubMed PMID: 24490028; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3896133.

Scheen AJ. Add-on value of tirzepatide versus semaglutide. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022 Jun;10(6):377-378. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00116-4. Epub 2022 Apr 22. PMID: 35468323.

Schulz C, Haight RJ. Safety of olanzapine use in adolescents. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2013 Sep;12(5):777-82. Review. PubMed PMID: 23876012.

Shams TA, Müller DJ. Antipsychotic induced weight gain: genetics, epigenetics, and biomarkers reviewed. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014 Oct;16(10):473. PubMed PMID: 25138234.

Shetty R, Basheer FT, Poojari PG, Thunga G, Chandran VP, Acharya LD. Adverse drug reactions of GLP-1 agonists: A systematic review of case reports. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2022 Mar;16(3):102427. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102427. Epub 2022 Feb 12. PMID: 35217468.

Sicard MN, Zai CC, Tiwari AK, Souza RP, Meltzer HY, Lieberman JA, Kennedy JL, Müller DJ. Polymorphisms of the HTR2C gene and antipsychotic-induced weight gain: an update and meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics. 2010 Nov;11(11):1561-71. doi: 10.2217/pgs.10.123. PubMed PMID: 21121776.

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Smits MM, Van Raalte DH. Safety of Semaglutide. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Jul 7;12:645563. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.645563. Erratum in: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Nov 10;12:786732. PMID: 34305810; PMCID: PMC8294388.

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Theisen FM, Hinney A, Brömel T, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Martin M, Krieg JC, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J. Lack of association between the -759C/T polymorphism of the 5-HT2C receptor gene and clozapine-induced weight gain among German schizophrenic individuals. Psychiatr Genet. 2004 Sep;14(3):139-42. PubMed PMID: 15318026.

Toledo FGS, Martin WF, Morrow L, Beysen C, Bajorunas D, Jiang Y, Silverman BL, McDonnell D, Namchuk MN, Newcomer JW, Graham C. Insulin and glucose metabolism with olanzapine and a combination of olanzapine and samidorphan: exploratory phase 1 results in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022 Feb;47(3):696-703. doi: 10.1038/s41386-021-01244-7. Epub 2021 Dec 9. PMID: 34887529; PMCID: PMC8782841.

Topamax. Prescribing Information. http://www.janssenlabels.com/package-insert/product-monograph/prescribing-information/TOPAMAX-pi.pdf

Toplak H, Hamann A, Moore R, Masson E, Gorska M, Vercruysse F, Sun X, Fitchet M. Efficacy and safety of topiramate in combination with metformin in the treatment of obese subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Jan;31(1):138-46. PubMed PMID: 16703004.

Tu TH, Huang KL, Bai YM, Hsu JW, Su TP, Li CT, Tsai SJ, Lin WC, Chen TJ, Chen MH. Exposure to Second-Generation Antipsychotics and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Nationwide Study in Taiwan. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019 Mar 5;80(2):18m12284. doi: 10.4088/JCP.18m12284. PMID: 30840789.

Ujike H, Nomura A, Morita Y, Morio A, Okahisa Y, Kotaka T, Kodama M, Ishihara T, Kuroda S. Multiple genetic factors in olanzapine-induced weight gain in schizophrenia patients: a cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Sep;69(9):1416-22. PubMed PMID: 19193342.

Ulcickas Yood M, Delorenze GN, Quesenberry CP Jr, Oliveria SA, Tsai AL, Kim E, Cziraky MJ, McQuade RD, Newcomer JW, L’italien GJ. Association between second-generation antipsychotics and newly diagnosed treated diabetes mellitus: does the effect differ by dose? BMC Psychiatry. 2011 Dec 15;11:197. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-197. PMID: 22171594; PMCID: PMC3264670.

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Vahle JL, Byrd RA, Blackbourne JL, Martin JA, Sorden SD, Ryan T, Pienkowski T, Wijsman JA, Smith HW, Rosol TJ. Effects of Dulaglutide on Thyroid C Cells and Serum Calcitonin in Male Monkeys. Endocrinology. 2015 Jul;156(7):2409-16. doi: 10.1210/en.2014-1717. Epub 2015 Apr 10. PMID: 25860028.

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Wegovy™. Prescribing Information. https://www.novo-pi.com/wegovy.pdf

Weissman E, Jackson C, Schooler N, Goetz R, Essock S. Monitoring metabolic side effects when initiating treatment with second-generation antipsychotic medication. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2012 Jan;5(4):201-7. PubMed PMID: 22182457.

Wentland MP, Lou R, Lu Q, Bu Y, Denhardt C, Jin J, Ganorkar R, VanAlstine MA, Guo C, Cohen DJ, Bidlack JM. Syntheses of novel high affinity ligands for opioid receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Apr 15;19(8):2289-94. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.078. Epub 2009 Feb 25. PMID: 19282177; PMCID: PMC2791460.

Wentland MP, Lou R, Lu Q, Bu Y, VanAlstine MA, Cohen DJ, Bidlack JM. Syntheses and opioid receptor binding properties of carboxamido-substituted opioids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Jan 1;19(1):203-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.134. Epub 2008 Nov 7. PMID: 19027293.

Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Lingvay I, McGowan BM, Rosenstock J, Tran MTD, Wadden TA, Wharton S, Yokote K, Zeuthen N, Kushner RF; STEP 1 Study Group. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021 Mar 18;384(11):989-1002. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183. Epub 2021 Feb 10. PMID: 33567185.

Wink LK, Adams R, Pedapati EV, Dominick KC, Fox E, Buck C, Erickson CA. Brief Report: Metformin for Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2017 Jul;47(7):2290-2294. doi: 10.1007/s10803-017-3132-2. PubMed PMID: 28447303. Naturalistic study.

Wu H, Siafis S, Hamza T, Schneider-Thoma J, Davis JM, Salanti G, Leucht S. Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain: Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Schizophr Bull. 2022 May 7;48(3):643-654. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbac001. PMID: 35137229; PMCID: PMC9077426.

Xia L, Li WZ, Liu HZ, Hao R, Zhang XY. Olanzapine Versus Risperidone in Children and Adolescents with Psychosis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2018 May;28(4):244-251. PubMed PMID: 29356569; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5952347.

Xia L, Shen T, Dong W, Su F, Wang J, Wang Q, Niu S, Fang Y. Comparative efficacy and safety of 8 GLP-1RAs in patients with type 2 diabetes: A network meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021 Jul;177:108904. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108904. Epub 2021 Jun 6. PMID: 34102249.

Xiao Y, Sun L. Semaglutide in weight management. Lancet. 2019 Oct 5;394(10205):1226. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)33195-7. PMID: 31591979.

Yoshida K, Takeuchi H. Dose-dependent effects of antipsychotics on efficacy and adverse effects in schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res. 2021 Mar 26;402:113098. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113098. Epub 2021 Jan 5. PMID: 33417992.

Zhang JP, Lencz T, Zhang RX, Nitta M, Maayan L, John M, Robinson DG, Fleischhacker WW, Kahn RS, Ophoff RA, Kane JM, Malhotra AK, Correll CU. Pharmacogenetic Associations of Antipsychotic Drug-Related Weight Gain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2016 Nov;42(6):1418-1437. PubMed PMID: 27217270; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5049532.

Zheng W, Li XB, Tang YL, Xiang YQ, Wang CY, de Leon J. Metformin for Weight Gain and Metabolic Abnormalities Associated With Antipsychotic Treatment: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015 Oct;35(5):499-509. PubMed PMID: 26280837.

Zhou Y, Chen M, Liu L, Chen Z. Difference in Gastrointestinal Risk Associated with Use of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Real-World Pharmacovigilance Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2022 Jan 13;15:155-163. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S348025. PMID: 35046686; PMCID: PMC8763271.

Chapter 22. Other side effects

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